Hope this blog is being of some help to you :) If you have any questions feel free to ask. If you want any answers/notes/information on a particular topic let me know and i will try my best to get it for you :)
Follow me on twitter for updates on the blog etc https://twitter.com/SophalinaSmiles
I am doing this blog to help you with the leaving cert, however, i would recommend with the sample answers, take information from them or use the layout, ideas etc, although using them word for word for your homework might not be the best idea as i have noticed a few people from my secondary school are following this on twitter and it wouldn't be great if a teacher recognized on of my essays, as it was only last year i left.
Any feedback you have on the blog, recommendations, requests, comments etc etc are all welcome.
Hope to get a bit more up over the next week or two :)
Saturday, 19 January 2013
History - 1916 Rising essay
What were the circumstances which led to the 1916 Rising?
In 1912, Asquith was the liberal Prime Minister of Britain He introduced the third Home Rule Bill. This would give limited self government to Ireland. They would still be part of the empire and have to send 40 MP's to Westminster, but it recognized Ireland was different from Britain, as they would have their own parliament and because of this the nationalists were willing to accept it. John Redmond was the leader of the Home Rule party, with John Dillon as his deputy. The bill had been blocked by the Tories in the House of Lords, but the Parliament Act of 1911 stated they could only block it for two years, so Ireland was set to get home rule in 1914.
Unionists saw it as a threat to their religion, identity, and prosperity. They felt vulnerable because they were a minority, but they mainly lived in the North East so they were easy to organise. They also had great leaders in Carson and Craig. The Tories feared it as the start of the break-up of the empire. Andrew Bonar Law said he would support the Unionists even if they broke the law in opposition to Home Rule. This was treason. On 28th September 1912, over half a million unionists signed the Ulster Solemn League and Covenant. They were prepared to use violence against Home Rule. In January 1913, the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) were formed. This was Europe's first private army. This idea was later copied by Mussolini and Hitler. This was a turning point as there was now a militant tone in Ireland. This inspired southerners to form their own volunteer force. This pleased the IRB. On 25th November 1913, the Irish Volunteer Force (IVF) were established in the Rotunda in Dublin. Sam McNeill, founder of the Gaelic League, was their leader. 3,000 joined on the first night, including De Valera and Pearse. The IRB infiltrated it. This was the perfect front for them. The IVF's motto was "Defense not defiance". Politics and democracy were failing to give Ireland home rule and there was now two private armies facing each other.
Redmond desperately wanted to avoid a civil war. He was prepared to consed the four counties, Derry, Antrim, Armagh and Down, which were mainly unionists. He thought it would only be temporary. He conceded the principle of partition. He should have held hi ground. He was trying too hard to avoid violence. Carson wanted Tyrone and Fermanagh as well. They were both split between unionists and nationalists. It now looked likely that if Ireland got home rule it would not be for the whole island. In March 1914, 58 officers in the British army, led by General Hubert Gough, indicated they would resign if asked to impose home rule on Ulster. This was undemocratic and it weakened Asquith as he could no longer trust the army to impose home rule in Ulster.
In April 1914, 25,000 weapons and 5 million rounds of ammunition were brought into Larne on the Clyde ship from Germany. This was known as Operation Lion. The RIC ignored this. On 26th July1914, 1,500 rifles and 45,000 rounds of ammunition arrived in Howth on the Asgard, also coming from Germany. The British army stopped them and three people were killed in the "Bachelors Walk Massacre". This showed the double standards for the unionist and nationalists. The gun was now back in Irish Politics. In Buckingham Palace a conference was held on July 20-24th 1914. This was a last effort to sort out the problem with Redmond and Carson. They both wanted Fermanagh and Tyrone but failed to reach an agreement. There were liberalists, Asquith and Lloyd George, Tories, Bonar Law and Lord Landsdowne, Unionists, Carson and Craig, and Nationalists, Redmond and Dillon, present at the conference. Politics had failed and they now faced civil war.
On August 4th, 1914, Britain joined WW1, which overtook events in Ireland. It helped to calm civil war fears. The UVF joined the British army and had their own division, the 36th Ulster Division. Home Rule had been due to come in on 18th September 1914, but it was suspended until after the war. On 20th September, Redmond made a speech at Woodenbridge, County Wicklow, urging the Irish Volunteers to join the British army. He believed the war would be over by Christmas. he used the fact that Germany had invaded Belgium, a small, neutral, catholic country, just like Ireland, to gain support. There was a split in the IVF. The 170,000 national volunteers, led by Redmond, joined the British, while the 11,000 IVF, led by Eoin McNeill, stayed at home. he IRB infiltrated the IVF. It was easier to take over and control a smaller group of 11,000. The longer the war went on the more support Redmond lost and McNeill gained. There was a lot of opposition to the war in Ireland. Aurthur Griffith and Sinn Féin, James Connolly and the Irish Citizen Army, and McNeill and the Volunteers, all campaigned against joining the British army. This helped push events towards 1916.
In 1915a national government was formed in London. Redmond was invited to join but refused, so it was made up of liberalists, unionists, Tories and the Labour Party. Bonar Law was a minister and Carson Attorney General. Unionists now had a voice at Westminster. Home Rule became more distant as it now had no support in Westminster. If they wanted home rule now, they would have to fight for it. This was great for the IRB. In June 1915, Britain suffered a disastrous defeat at Galipollo. England's difficultly was Ireland's opportunity. Casement went to Germany looking for guns and Irish prisoners of war. He only got 20,000 rifles. Ireland was still part of the British empire yet they had a possible ally with Germany, who were fighting against Britain in WW1 at the same time.
The IRB had no public leaders, now Pearse becomes the public pace. He was very interested in the Irish language as he believed that was what made the Irish different from Britain. He had originally supported home rule but felt it slipping away so he became a republican. He wanted full separation from Britain. He believed in blood sacrifice, that even if the rising failed, it would still be a success as it would encourage future generations to rise up. He compared it to Jesus dying on the cross and rising again. "Life springs from death, and from the graves of patriot men and women spring living nations".
Within the IRB, a military council of Thomas Clarke, Seán MacDiarmada, Thomas Mac Donagh, Pearse, Ceannt, Connolly and Plunkett was set up to plan the rising. They had discovered James Connolly and the ICA were planning a socialist rising so they got him in with them instead. Connolly had valuable military experience, unlike the other leaders. In order to have the rising they needed weapons and men. They wanted McNeill and the Volunteers on board. They forged the "Castle Document" and it was printed in the Sunday paper. It said British authorities were going to arrest Pearse and the Volunteers. McNeill urged them to resit arrest. Pearse then informed him on the Thursday that a rising was planned. Guns were to arrive from Germany on the "Aud" into Tralee bay, but it was spotted by the British Navy. Rather than let the British take the 20,000 guns, they deliberatly sank the ship. Casement came back and was arrested. The British now believed they had gotten the man in charge. Casement had actually been coming back to stop the rising. McNeill now wanted to cancel the rising as they did not have enough men or weapons, and he discovered the document had been forged.
It was published in the Sunday Independent on the morning the rising had been planned for saying that all maneuvers were cancelled. This caused a lot of confusion. The seven main men met in Liberty Hall on Sunday Night and decided to go ahead with only 1,500 IRB men, 200 ICA men and 1,500 guns from Howth. This was Pearse's idea of Blood Sacrifice.
In April 1914, 25,000 weapons and 5 million rounds of ammunition were brought into Larne on the Clyde ship from Germany. This was known as Operation Lion. The RIC ignored this. On 26th July1914, 1,500 rifles and 45,000 rounds of ammunition arrived in Howth on the Asgard, also coming from Germany. The British army stopped them and three people were killed in the "Bachelors Walk Massacre". This showed the double standards for the unionist and nationalists. The gun was now back in Irish Politics. In Buckingham Palace a conference was held on July 20-24th 1914. This was a last effort to sort out the problem with Redmond and Carson. They both wanted Fermanagh and Tyrone but failed to reach an agreement. There were liberalists, Asquith and Lloyd George, Tories, Bonar Law and Lord Landsdowne, Unionists, Carson and Craig, and Nationalists, Redmond and Dillon, present at the conference. Politics had failed and they now faced civil war.
On August 4th, 1914, Britain joined WW1, which overtook events in Ireland. It helped to calm civil war fears. The UVF joined the British army and had their own division, the 36th Ulster Division. Home Rule had been due to come in on 18th September 1914, but it was suspended until after the war. On 20th September, Redmond made a speech at Woodenbridge, County Wicklow, urging the Irish Volunteers to join the British army. He believed the war would be over by Christmas. he used the fact that Germany had invaded Belgium, a small, neutral, catholic country, just like Ireland, to gain support. There was a split in the IVF. The 170,000 national volunteers, led by Redmond, joined the British, while the 11,000 IVF, led by Eoin McNeill, stayed at home. he IRB infiltrated the IVF. It was easier to take over and control a smaller group of 11,000. The longer the war went on the more support Redmond lost and McNeill gained. There was a lot of opposition to the war in Ireland. Aurthur Griffith and Sinn Féin, James Connolly and the Irish Citizen Army, and McNeill and the Volunteers, all campaigned against joining the British army. This helped push events towards 1916.
In 1915a national government was formed in London. Redmond was invited to join but refused, so it was made up of liberalists, unionists, Tories and the Labour Party. Bonar Law was a minister and Carson Attorney General. Unionists now had a voice at Westminster. Home Rule became more distant as it now had no support in Westminster. If they wanted home rule now, they would have to fight for it. This was great for the IRB. In June 1915, Britain suffered a disastrous defeat at Galipollo. England's difficultly was Ireland's opportunity. Casement went to Germany looking for guns and Irish prisoners of war. He only got 20,000 rifles. Ireland was still part of the British empire yet they had a possible ally with Germany, who were fighting against Britain in WW1 at the same time.
The IRB had no public leaders, now Pearse becomes the public pace. He was very interested in the Irish language as he believed that was what made the Irish different from Britain. He had originally supported home rule but felt it slipping away so he became a republican. He wanted full separation from Britain. He believed in blood sacrifice, that even if the rising failed, it would still be a success as it would encourage future generations to rise up. He compared it to Jesus dying on the cross and rising again. "Life springs from death, and from the graves of patriot men and women spring living nations".
Within the IRB, a military council of Thomas Clarke, Seán MacDiarmada, Thomas Mac Donagh, Pearse, Ceannt, Connolly and Plunkett was set up to plan the rising. They had discovered James Connolly and the ICA were planning a socialist rising so they got him in with them instead. Connolly had valuable military experience, unlike the other leaders. In order to have the rising they needed weapons and men. They wanted McNeill and the Volunteers on board. They forged the "Castle Document" and it was printed in the Sunday paper. It said British authorities were going to arrest Pearse and the Volunteers. McNeill urged them to resit arrest. Pearse then informed him on the Thursday that a rising was planned. Guns were to arrive from Germany on the "Aud" into Tralee bay, but it was spotted by the British Navy. Rather than let the British take the 20,000 guns, they deliberatly sank the ship. Casement came back and was arrested. The British now believed they had gotten the man in charge. Casement had actually been coming back to stop the rising. McNeill now wanted to cancel the rising as they did not have enough men or weapons, and he discovered the document had been forged.
It was published in the Sunday Independent on the morning the rising had been planned for saying that all maneuvers were cancelled. This caused a lot of confusion. The seven main men met in Liberty Hall on Sunday Night and decided to go ahead with only 1,500 IRB men, 200 ICA men and 1,500 guns from Howth. This was Pearse's idea of Blood Sacrifice.
Irregular Irish Verbs
Sorry, i have been ridiculously slow at getting this up, been so busy, then my scanner broke. But finally, they are here! Yay!
There are 11 iregualr irish verbs. They are
Bí
Feic
Ith
Teigh
Faigh
Clois
Tar
Tabhair
Abair
Beir
Déan
I have all of these verbs written out in the aimsir chaite, aimsir láithreach, aimsir fháistineach, modh coiníollach and the gnáth chaite.
Hope they are a help.
It can be difficult and will take time but i recommed learning these off.
The same thing with the endings for the regular ones in my last post, LEARN THEM LEARN THEM LEARN THEM!!! Trust me it will make irish so much easier as you will be able say any very in any tense, it will help massively with essays, oral, sraith pictúir, Everything, you always use verbs! Okay so the Gnáthchaite, it is on the course, although i never did it in class and rarely used it. Occasionally you will see it in comprehensions and things so it is a help if you know it although if you are sturggling i would say leave it out, although i still recommend knowing what it is, even if you cant write out verbs in it, just know it is the continuous past, it is like for the very bí, the present tense is Tá but bíonn is the continous present, meaning i always or every day etc, so the past tense of say play is i played, the continous past would be like i used to play every day or something like that.
There are 11 iregualr irish verbs. They are
Bí
Feic
Ith
Teigh
Faigh
Clois
Tar
Tabhair
Abair
Beir
Déan
I have all of these verbs written out in the aimsir chaite, aimsir láithreach, aimsir fháistineach, modh coiníollach and the gnáth chaite.
Hope they are a help.
It can be difficult and will take time but i recommed learning these off.
The same thing with the endings for the regular ones in my last post, LEARN THEM LEARN THEM LEARN THEM!!! Trust me it will make irish so much easier as you will be able say any very in any tense, it will help massively with essays, oral, sraith pictúir, Everything, you always use verbs! Okay so the Gnáthchaite, it is on the course, although i never did it in class and rarely used it. Occasionally you will see it in comprehensions and things so it is a help if you know it although if you are sturggling i would say leave it out, although i still recommend knowing what it is, even if you cant write out verbs in it, just know it is the continuous past, it is like for the very bí, the present tense is Tá but bíonn is the continous present, meaning i always or every day etc, so the past tense of say play is i played, the continous past would be like i used to play every day or something like that.
Friday, 18 January 2013
History Essay - Civil Rights America 1945 - 1968
How Successful was the Civil Rights Agitation in the United States during the period 1945 - 1968
Before 1945, black Americans were treated as second class citizens and they just accepted it. Slavery had been abolished in 1863 by President Lincoln. There was segregation in public places, mainly in southern states. Jim Crow laws were the segregation laws. In 1896 the Supreme Course ruled the separate but equal was legal and fair. This meant the segregation in public places was legal as long as the facilities were equal, although usually they were not. Also, most blacks could not vote. They had to pass a literacy test and since they had poor education most of them could not. They also had to pay a poll tax which a lot of them could not afford because of unemployment and poverty. The NAACP had been set up in 1909. It tried to use the courts to change the Jim Crow Laws.
After 1945 things began to change. There were many reasons for this. Black soldiers had been fighting in the American army in Europe to get freedom and democracy in Europe, even thought they were treated as second class citizens in America. They came home with a voice, wanting their democratic rights. Most blacks lived in cities and ghettos which made it easier to organise groups. Liberalism was rising after WW2 as it was the opposite to fascism. Segregation also damaged the image of America in the Cold War.
Desegregation began with Truman. In 1948he issued an executive order to desegregate the army. This was strengthened in Korea and even more in Vietnam. The desegregation of the army was completed under Eisenhower. He appointed Earl Warren, a liberalist, to the Supreme Court. He supported the blacks. One of the most important decisions he made was the Brown Vs Board of Education case, Kansas 1954. It desegregated public schools. There was opposition to this ruling. It led to the revival of the Ku Klux Klan, a white supremacist group. In Little Rock, Arkansas, 9 black students were prevented from entering the school in 1957. The governor sent the state police. Eisenhower had to send down 1000 federal troops to enforce the issue and protect the students. In 1962, James Meredith, an air-force pilot, was stopped from entering the white University of Mississippi. Kennedy had to send 300 federal Marshals. By 1964 only 2% of black students actually attended integrated schools in the southern states. This damaged the image of the south. It highlighted discrimination with northern liberalists and public opinion began to change.
On Thursday, 1st December 1955, In Montegomery, Alabama, Rosa Parks, a respected middle-aged black woman, got on a bus and sat in the black section, as was required by all blacks. A white man got on the bus. She refused to stand up to allow the white man to sit in her seat. The driver told her to get up and he had her arrested. She was treated like a criminal. She was released on bail for a fee of $100, which was paid for by Edgar Nixion, who was the leader of the Montegomery NAACP. She had to appear in court on Monday 5th December. She was found guilty and fined $14. The NAACP used her case as a test court case to end discrimination on buses. Jo-Ann Robinson organised a black boycott of buses on that day. The black ministers told them on Sunday in church not to use the buses. 95% of blacks refused and walked instead. They decided to continue the boycott. They asked Martin Luther King, a black minister, to lead it. He believed in peaceful, non-violent protests. They wanted to get courtious, mixed drivers and the buses to be filled from top to bottom on a first come first served basis. The boycott was risky as it would only be effective if everyone participated so they needed a strong leader, which they got with Martin Luther King. King was arrested for speeding. The KKK were active again. The media came down and reported it. It portrayed the black people as peaceful, non-violent and dignified. This changed public opinion. On the 13th November 1956, the supreme court declared that segregation on buses was illegal. It was passed on 20th December. The boycott had lasted 381 days. This politicised black people. They realised they could change things. It was activism, they had walked in protest against the buses instead of waiting for the NAACP to get laws tested, although it was the courts that ended segregation on buses, not the actual boycott.
In 1960 in Greensboro, North Carolina, four black students sat down at a white lunch counter. They were not served. After 8 hours they were replaced by other black students. 54 southern cities got involved in this sit-in. The media covered it. Eventually the blacks won and lunch counters became desegregated. It was also significant as it was students who had started it. This was an election year. Kennedy and Nixon were running. JFK supported this protest. This got him support from blacks who could vote and also with liberalists. This helped him get elected. Blacks expected to get more support when he became president. He had raised their expectations.
In 1963 in Birmingham, Alabama, Martin Luther King led a protest march. He was arrested for. He then got school children to march. Police, led by Bull O'Connor, set dogs on the children and also used water cannons on them. The media got this on tv. It was seen all over the country. It outraged the liberalists and damaged US image abroad. It forced Kennedy to react. He went on television in June 1963 saying they now had to grant full civil rights to blacks. He issued a civil rights bill. This won him liberal support but he lost the support of southern whites. He feared it would prevent him from being re-elected but he knew it had to be done. Kennedy, as well as the blacks, and King, feared the bill would not pass through Congress. In August, King organised a huge march. One quarter of a million people gathered in Washington DC to put pressure on Congress to pass the Civil Rights Bill. They gathered beside the Lincoln memorial, exactly 100 years after Lincoln had freed the slaves. Here King made the famous, "I have a dream..." speech. Public opinion was behind him. In November Kennedy was killed. Lyndon Johnson succeeded him. He got the Civil Rights Act passed in 1964. It outlawed discrimination in public places. He set up the Employment Opportunities Commission to ensure blacks were not discriminated against in jobs. King was awarded the Nobel Peace prize. "Separate but Equal" had now ended.
Blacks had now all the same rights as whites, except where voting was concerned. In March 1965 there was a march from Selma to Montgomery to highlight this issue. Selma is a county in Alabama. Half of its population was black, yet only 1% of blacks could vote. Martin Luther King joined the march. 3,000 started off, 25,000 reached Montgomery, as people who supported them joined along the way. White police attacked the march so Johnson sent the National Guards to protect them. In the end Johnson introduced the Voting Rights Act. It was passed in 1965. Black people could now register to vote and literacy tests were banned. They could now vote on the same terms as whites. The federal government ensured that each state allowed the black people to vote. This was a huge step forward for blacks. It also improved America's democratic image abroad as now everyone had full civil rights. Martin Luther Kind was killed in 1968.
Between 1945 and 1968, civil rights changed dramatically for black people in America. Before this they were treated as second class citizens. During this time they stood up for their rights, first educations, then transport, lunch counters, then they got full civil rights and finally voting. They were very successful and after 1968 had the same rights and were treated the same as the whites.
I got an A2 for this essay, I hope it is a help :)
After 1945 things began to change. There were many reasons for this. Black soldiers had been fighting in the American army in Europe to get freedom and democracy in Europe, even thought they were treated as second class citizens in America. They came home with a voice, wanting their democratic rights. Most blacks lived in cities and ghettos which made it easier to organise groups. Liberalism was rising after WW2 as it was the opposite to fascism. Segregation also damaged the image of America in the Cold War.
Desegregation began with Truman. In 1948he issued an executive order to desegregate the army. This was strengthened in Korea and even more in Vietnam. The desegregation of the army was completed under Eisenhower. He appointed Earl Warren, a liberalist, to the Supreme Court. He supported the blacks. One of the most important decisions he made was the Brown Vs Board of Education case, Kansas 1954. It desegregated public schools. There was opposition to this ruling. It led to the revival of the Ku Klux Klan, a white supremacist group. In Little Rock, Arkansas, 9 black students were prevented from entering the school in 1957. The governor sent the state police. Eisenhower had to send down 1000 federal troops to enforce the issue and protect the students. In 1962, James Meredith, an air-force pilot, was stopped from entering the white University of Mississippi. Kennedy had to send 300 federal Marshals. By 1964 only 2% of black students actually attended integrated schools in the southern states. This damaged the image of the south. It highlighted discrimination with northern liberalists and public opinion began to change.
On Thursday, 1st December 1955, In Montegomery, Alabama, Rosa Parks, a respected middle-aged black woman, got on a bus and sat in the black section, as was required by all blacks. A white man got on the bus. She refused to stand up to allow the white man to sit in her seat. The driver told her to get up and he had her arrested. She was treated like a criminal. She was released on bail for a fee of $100, which was paid for by Edgar Nixion, who was the leader of the Montegomery NAACP. She had to appear in court on Monday 5th December. She was found guilty and fined $14. The NAACP used her case as a test court case to end discrimination on buses. Jo-Ann Robinson organised a black boycott of buses on that day. The black ministers told them on Sunday in church not to use the buses. 95% of blacks refused and walked instead. They decided to continue the boycott. They asked Martin Luther King, a black minister, to lead it. He believed in peaceful, non-violent protests. They wanted to get courtious, mixed drivers and the buses to be filled from top to bottom on a first come first served basis. The boycott was risky as it would only be effective if everyone participated so they needed a strong leader, which they got with Martin Luther King. King was arrested for speeding. The KKK were active again. The media came down and reported it. It portrayed the black people as peaceful, non-violent and dignified. This changed public opinion. On the 13th November 1956, the supreme court declared that segregation on buses was illegal. It was passed on 20th December. The boycott had lasted 381 days. This politicised black people. They realised they could change things. It was activism, they had walked in protest against the buses instead of waiting for the NAACP to get laws tested, although it was the courts that ended segregation on buses, not the actual boycott.
In 1960 in Greensboro, North Carolina, four black students sat down at a white lunch counter. They were not served. After 8 hours they were replaced by other black students. 54 southern cities got involved in this sit-in. The media covered it. Eventually the blacks won and lunch counters became desegregated. It was also significant as it was students who had started it. This was an election year. Kennedy and Nixon were running. JFK supported this protest. This got him support from blacks who could vote and also with liberalists. This helped him get elected. Blacks expected to get more support when he became president. He had raised their expectations.
In 1963 in Birmingham, Alabama, Martin Luther King led a protest march. He was arrested for. He then got school children to march. Police, led by Bull O'Connor, set dogs on the children and also used water cannons on them. The media got this on tv. It was seen all over the country. It outraged the liberalists and damaged US image abroad. It forced Kennedy to react. He went on television in June 1963 saying they now had to grant full civil rights to blacks. He issued a civil rights bill. This won him liberal support but he lost the support of southern whites. He feared it would prevent him from being re-elected but he knew it had to be done. Kennedy, as well as the blacks, and King, feared the bill would not pass through Congress. In August, King organised a huge march. One quarter of a million people gathered in Washington DC to put pressure on Congress to pass the Civil Rights Bill. They gathered beside the Lincoln memorial, exactly 100 years after Lincoln had freed the slaves. Here King made the famous, "I have a dream..." speech. Public opinion was behind him. In November Kennedy was killed. Lyndon Johnson succeeded him. He got the Civil Rights Act passed in 1964. It outlawed discrimination in public places. He set up the Employment Opportunities Commission to ensure blacks were not discriminated against in jobs. King was awarded the Nobel Peace prize. "Separate but Equal" had now ended.
Blacks had now all the same rights as whites, except where voting was concerned. In March 1965 there was a march from Selma to Montgomery to highlight this issue. Selma is a county in Alabama. Half of its population was black, yet only 1% of blacks could vote. Martin Luther King joined the march. 3,000 started off, 25,000 reached Montgomery, as people who supported them joined along the way. White police attacked the march so Johnson sent the National Guards to protect them. In the end Johnson introduced the Voting Rights Act. It was passed in 1965. Black people could now register to vote and literacy tests were banned. They could now vote on the same terms as whites. The federal government ensured that each state allowed the black people to vote. This was a huge step forward for blacks. It also improved America's democratic image abroad as now everyone had full civil rights. Martin Luther Kind was killed in 1968.
Between 1945 and 1968, civil rights changed dramatically for black people in America. Before this they were treated as second class citizens. During this time they stood up for their rights, first educations, then transport, lunch counters, then they got full civil rights and finally voting. They were very successful and after 1968 had the same rights and were treated the same as the whites.
I got an A2 for this essay, I hope it is a help :)
Friday, 31 August 2012
Irish Regular verbs
Okay so I am a bit short on time as I am moving up to Dublin to go to college on Saturday so instead of typing up all the notes i have just scanned my note book and will post the pictures on this.
This is what to do for all regular verbs in Irish to put them into the Aimsir caite, aimsir láitreach, Aimsir Fháistineach, Módh coinníollach and Gnáth Chaith.
It is divided up into Céad Reimnú and Dara Reimnú verbs.
Céad reimnú verbs have one syllable, eg Rith, or two syllables if there is a fada on the second syllable eg Taispeáin
Dara Reimnú verbs are all the other verbs (except for the 11 irregular verbs which i will deal with in my next post)
In each of these two groups they are divided into Leathan and caol endings.
Leathan (broad) verbs are verbs in which the last vowel is either a, o, or u.
Caol (slender) verbs are verbs in which the last vowel is either i, or e.
This is what to do for all regular verbs in Irish to put them into the Aimsir caite, aimsir láitreach, Aimsir Fháistineach, Módh coinníollach and Gnáth Chaith.
It is divided up into Céad Reimnú and Dara Reimnú verbs.
Céad reimnú verbs have one syllable, eg Rith, or two syllables if there is a fada on the second syllable eg Taispeáin
Dara Reimnú verbs are all the other verbs (except for the 11 irregular verbs which i will deal with in my next post)
In each of these two groups they are divided into Leathan and caol endings.
Leathan (broad) verbs are verbs in which the last vowel is either a, o, or u.
Caol (slender) verbs are verbs in which the last vowel is either i, or e.
If you have any queries about how this is laid out or are unsure of any of it please comment and i will be happy to explain it to you :)
My next post will have the 11 irregular verbs done out in full in the same 5 tenses.
I'm back! Sorry about the delay :/
Hi everybody :)
I know it has been ages since i have posted on this, I apologise. I have been extremely busy with work and getting ready for college.
Got my leaving cert results back, am delighted with them. I got 540 points which was more than enough for the course i wanted. I am now going to become a primary school teacher :)
I will continue posting notes etc up here so that hopefully you too can be successful in your exams and get the points for the course you desire to do.
If you have any questions or suggestions or are looking for notes on a particular topic don't hesitate to ask I am more than happy to help if I can.
I have Irish verb notes here I am going to post in a few minutes, other stuff will be up in the next few weeks.
Bye for now,
Sophie.
I know it has been ages since i have posted on this, I apologise. I have been extremely busy with work and getting ready for college.
Got my leaving cert results back, am delighted with them. I got 540 points which was more than enough for the course i wanted. I am now going to become a primary school teacher :)
I will continue posting notes etc up here so that hopefully you too can be successful in your exams and get the points for the course you desire to do.
If you have any questions or suggestions or are looking for notes on a particular topic don't hesitate to ask I am more than happy to help if I can.
I have Irish verb notes here I am going to post in a few minutes, other stuff will be up in the next few weeks.
Bye for now,
Sophie.
Sunday, 15 July 2012
History Essay - Winston Churchill
How Effective a Wartime Leader was Winston Churchill between 1940 and 1945
On the 10th of May 1940, Winston Churchill became Prime Minister of Britain. He has a long career in politics before the Second World War broke out in 1939. In the 1930's he has warned against the dangers of the Nazis and was opposed to the policy of appeasement and the Munich conference. Neville Chamberlain appointed Churchill to the war cabinet in charge of the Royal Navy in 1939. Churchill succeeded Chamberlain as Prime Minister on 10th May 1940. Chamberlain had resigned due to the failure of appeasement and the Munich Conferences and because Hitler took Norway before he did. The day Churchill took over was the same day as the France invasion. He took over at a time when Britain needed strong leadership and that is what he gave them. He was the ideal war leader. He was enthusiastic and inspiring to the British people.
When the British and French soldiers were trapped at Dunkirk by the Nazi army he organised Operation Dynamo. While the RAF defended the air, hundreds of British boats ad ships crossed the English Channel over 10 days and rescued 300,000 soldiers. Churchill turned this defeat into a victory by his inspiring speeches which boosted morale among the British people and saved the army for D-day.
In August 1940, Hitler began Operation Sea lion. He had expected that Churchill would sue for peace as they were now completely alone in Europe, but Churchill said they would "never surrender." Hitler then has no choice but to invade Britain although he was disappointed at this. First he had to get control of the air. For this he needed to destroy the RAF. He began by bombing the ships and the RAF airfields and radar stations but then he began to bomb cities, especially London, instead. HE was trying to break the morale of the people. Churchill's leadership was inspiring and motivating during the Blitz. He kept up the morale of the people as he didn't leave London, he stayed with the people event though he could have been killed. He was also out on the streets everyday with the people. He encouraged them to continue their lives as normally as possible. He praised the RAF pilots by saying, "Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few." He kept u the spirits of people which encourages them to continue fighting. In the middle of September, Hitler postponed the invasion and by October he called it off. This was his first defeat. He didn't have the commitment or the desire to invade Britain. This is because Hitler didn't really want to invade Britain, he admired them and wished for them to form an alliance, it is thought.
Churchill worked well with the American President Roosevelt. His friendship with Roosevelt was crucial to Britain in the war as they agreed the Lend-Lease Act of 1941 which gave supplies to Britain without charge. America also gave them 50 ships. America has great resources, the arsenal of democracy. Although the transatlantic alliance helped Britain to continue the war, Churchill became too overdependent on America and not on the Common Wealth. Because of this, when America joined the war, Britain just went along with America and after the war the Empire began to fall apart.
Britain was kept supplied during the war by ships coming across the Atlantic. Hitler wanted to close off Britain's supply lines which would force them to surrender. In the Battle of the Atlantic, Hitler's U-boats tried to sink the supply ships. To stop them, Churchill had war ships with the convoys to protect supplies. He broke the German enigma code by setting up the Ultra code so they would know where the U-boats were so they could avoid them. Churchill said that he feared the U-boats the most because, as Britain was an island, if supply lines were blocked they wouldn't survive. Britain won the Battle of the Atlantic and survived.
Churchill and Roosevelt had a strong bond even before America entered the war. Their success was increased because they met several times face to face to discuss things. They met for the first time just off Newfoundland in 1941. Here they agreed the Atlantic Charter. They were planning the for the world for after the war. The second time they met was in Casablanca in 1943. This conference was after the Battle of El Alemain. Italy had tried to take the Suez Canal which would block British supply lines to the Empire. Churchill appointed Montgomery as commander of the Eight Army. Montgomery defeated the Germans under Rommel in October 1942 which saved the oil supplies from the Middle East. The Americans then came to help under Eisenhower. In Casablanca they planned Operation Husky, to invade Italy. The next time the pair met was in November/December 1943 in Teheran and Stalin was also present this time. Stalin urged them to open a second front in France as he was fighting the Germans in Russia. They planned D-day for May 1944. Churchill had doubts about D-day as in World War 1 he had organised an attack on an open beach in Turkey and it failed so he did not want to make the same mistake twice. However Roosevelt and Stalin wanted it so Churchill went along with their plan. The invasion was known as Operation Overlord. They were to land on the beaches of Normandy. On the 6th of June 1944, thousands of ships, soldiers and tanks landed on five beaches in Normandy. They had made mulberries, artificial harbours, to bring across the channel. Oils supplies were brought by Pluto, an underwater pipeline that crossed the channel. By August 1944 the Allies broke out of Normandy were headed for Paris, which they captured on August 24th. It was a great success for the Allies.
The forth time the Allies met was in Yalta in February 1945. Again the three leaders were present. This conference was mainly all Stalin as he got part of Poland which had been agreed between himself and Hitler in 1939. He also controlled a lot of Eastern Europe. They agreed to divide Germany in four parts after the war, and to set up the United Nations. Russia agreed to help America in the war against Japan, 3 months after the war in Europe ended. Churchill had gone to war in the beginning over Poland and now he was just letting Stalin take it.
During the conference in Potsdam in July/August 1945, there was elections in Britain. The result was that Churchill had lost and Attlee was the new Prime Minister, so Churchill had to return home in the middle of the conference.
Churchill was a brilliant war leader but he was more effective early on in the war. He became too dependant on Roosevelt and after a while it was really only Stalin and Roosevelt making the big decisions. This may have led to him losing the election. Also, when the election was held the war was over. Churchill had been in politics for many years but the people knew he was not as effective during peace, so this may have caused him to lose.
When the British and French soldiers were trapped at Dunkirk by the Nazi army he organised Operation Dynamo. While the RAF defended the air, hundreds of British boats ad ships crossed the English Channel over 10 days and rescued 300,000 soldiers. Churchill turned this defeat into a victory by his inspiring speeches which boosted morale among the British people and saved the army for D-day.
In August 1940, Hitler began Operation Sea lion. He had expected that Churchill would sue for peace as they were now completely alone in Europe, but Churchill said they would "never surrender." Hitler then has no choice but to invade Britain although he was disappointed at this. First he had to get control of the air. For this he needed to destroy the RAF. He began by bombing the ships and the RAF airfields and radar stations but then he began to bomb cities, especially London, instead. HE was trying to break the morale of the people. Churchill's leadership was inspiring and motivating during the Blitz. He kept up the morale of the people as he didn't leave London, he stayed with the people event though he could have been killed. He was also out on the streets everyday with the people. He encouraged them to continue their lives as normally as possible. He praised the RAF pilots by saying, "Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few." He kept u the spirits of people which encourages them to continue fighting. In the middle of September, Hitler postponed the invasion and by October he called it off. This was his first defeat. He didn't have the commitment or the desire to invade Britain. This is because Hitler didn't really want to invade Britain, he admired them and wished for them to form an alliance, it is thought.
Churchill worked well with the American President Roosevelt. His friendship with Roosevelt was crucial to Britain in the war as they agreed the Lend-Lease Act of 1941 which gave supplies to Britain without charge. America also gave them 50 ships. America has great resources, the arsenal of democracy. Although the transatlantic alliance helped Britain to continue the war, Churchill became too overdependent on America and not on the Common Wealth. Because of this, when America joined the war, Britain just went along with America and after the war the Empire began to fall apart.
Britain was kept supplied during the war by ships coming across the Atlantic. Hitler wanted to close off Britain's supply lines which would force them to surrender. In the Battle of the Atlantic, Hitler's U-boats tried to sink the supply ships. To stop them, Churchill had war ships with the convoys to protect supplies. He broke the German enigma code by setting up the Ultra code so they would know where the U-boats were so they could avoid them. Churchill said that he feared the U-boats the most because, as Britain was an island, if supply lines were blocked they wouldn't survive. Britain won the Battle of the Atlantic and survived.
Churchill and Roosevelt had a strong bond even before America entered the war. Their success was increased because they met several times face to face to discuss things. They met for the first time just off Newfoundland in 1941. Here they agreed the Atlantic Charter. They were planning the for the world for after the war. The second time they met was in Casablanca in 1943. This conference was after the Battle of El Alemain. Italy had tried to take the Suez Canal which would block British supply lines to the Empire. Churchill appointed Montgomery as commander of the Eight Army. Montgomery defeated the Germans under Rommel in October 1942 which saved the oil supplies from the Middle East. The Americans then came to help under Eisenhower. In Casablanca they planned Operation Husky, to invade Italy. The next time the pair met was in November/December 1943 in Teheran and Stalin was also present this time. Stalin urged them to open a second front in France as he was fighting the Germans in Russia. They planned D-day for May 1944. Churchill had doubts about D-day as in World War 1 he had organised an attack on an open beach in Turkey and it failed so he did not want to make the same mistake twice. However Roosevelt and Stalin wanted it so Churchill went along with their plan. The invasion was known as Operation Overlord. They were to land on the beaches of Normandy. On the 6th of June 1944, thousands of ships, soldiers and tanks landed on five beaches in Normandy. They had made mulberries, artificial harbours, to bring across the channel. Oils supplies were brought by Pluto, an underwater pipeline that crossed the channel. By August 1944 the Allies broke out of Normandy were headed for Paris, which they captured on August 24th. It was a great success for the Allies.
The forth time the Allies met was in Yalta in February 1945. Again the three leaders were present. This conference was mainly all Stalin as he got part of Poland which had been agreed between himself and Hitler in 1939. He also controlled a lot of Eastern Europe. They agreed to divide Germany in four parts after the war, and to set up the United Nations. Russia agreed to help America in the war against Japan, 3 months after the war in Europe ended. Churchill had gone to war in the beginning over Poland and now he was just letting Stalin take it.
During the conference in Potsdam in July/August 1945, there was elections in Britain. The result was that Churchill had lost and Attlee was the new Prime Minister, so Churchill had to return home in the middle of the conference.
Churchill was a brilliant war leader but he was more effective early on in the war. He became too dependant on Roosevelt and after a while it was really only Stalin and Roosevelt making the big decisions. This may have led to him losing the election. Also, when the election was held the war was over. Churchill had been in politics for many years but the people knew he was not as effective during peace, so this may have caused him to lose.
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