Biology Revision Questions - with Answers (first half)

This is the list of answers to the short questions in the previous post.

Once again I did not write these questions or answers or design the layout so I cannot take credit for it but I have it so thought it would be useful for others too!

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The following questions are taken from past Leaving Certificate Examination Papers (2004 – 2011). Questions on the same topic have been separated to provide random revision. If questions are repeated it only highlights their greater significance or importance as they have been asked more often over the years.

N.B. These questions do not cover the entire syllabus. Knowing the answers to these questions only is not a guarantee of an excellent result.

No.

Question

Answer

1

State a function of the cell membrane

Control entry into and exit from cell of substances

2

Explain how Rhizopus gets its food.

Secretes enzymes / digests / onto bread / absorbs products

3

State one feature that would allow you to identify an eukaryotic cell

Has a membrane bound nucleus

4

Name a human cell that is haploid

Sperm, ovum

5

What term is used to describe a cellular reaction in which large molecules are broken down to smaller ones?

Catabolic

6

Give two examples of harmful members of the kingdom Fungi.

Any two correct

7

In carbohydrates, which two elements are in the ratio 2:1?

Hydrogen:Oxygen

8

What term is used to describe an individual’s genetic makeup?

Genotype

9

What form of heterotrophic nutrition does Rhizopus have? Outline the importance of this type of nutrition in nature.

Saprophytic. It breaks down dead organisms or recycling of nutrients or reusing

10

Name a scientist responsible for the Theory of Natural Selection

Darwin

11

Name two tissues that are present in the walls of arteries and veins and give a function of each of these tissues.

Muscle – contractile tissue Elastin – return to orig. shape

12

Name another form of nutrition employed by some fungi, other than heterotrophic.

Parasitic

13

What is an hypothesis?

Educated guess

14

What is the source of the heat that keeps the body at a fairly constant temperature?

Respiration of carbohydrates

15

Cellulose is a polysaccharide. Explain the term polysaccharide.

Composed of many sugar units

16

To what kingdom does Rhizopus belong?

Fungi

17

To which group of molecules do enzymes belong?

Proteins

18

Saprophytic nutrition is a form of heterotrophic nutrition. What does the term heterotrophic mean?

Obtains food from other organisms or does not make its own food

19

To which kingdom do yeasts belong?

Fungi

20

State a location in a flowering plant where a growth regulator is secreted

Meristem

21

Give one advantage of bioprocessing using an immobilised enzyme.

Efficiency not affected. Easily recovered from the product. Reusable this cuts costs

22

Give an example of the use of a synthetic growth regulator.

Weed-killers

23

Name one economically harmful fungus.

Rhizopus or mildew or rusts or smuts or blight or Dry rot (fungus) or athlete’s foot (fungus) or any other correct

24

The nutrition of Rhizopus is described as being saprophytic. 1.       What does the term saprophytic mean? 2.       Explain the importance of saprophytic nutrition in the overall scheme of nature.

1.        Feeding on dead matter 2.        Breakdown of dead matter or breakdown of organic matter or recycling

25

State a role for cellulose in living organisms.

Support in plants. Roughage in human diet

26

Name a polysaccharide other than cellulose.

Starch

27

Describe a test for a named polysaccharide.

Starch + Iodine à Blue/black colour

28

What is meant by the term segregation as used in genetics?

Separation of a pair of allelic genes during the process of meiosis and gamete formation

29

In relation to protein synthesis what is transcription.

the making of RNA from a single strand of DNA

30

State a function of the rhizoids of Rhizopus.

Digestion or secretion or absorption or anchorage

31

Mushrooms belong to the Fungi kingdom. A restaurant owner decides to collect and cook wild mushrooms from a local forest. Suggest one reason why this may not be a good idea.

Some could be poisonous

32

Write a balanced equation to summarise the process of photosynthesis.

light energy 6CO2 + 6H2O à C6H12O6 + 6O2                                       chlorophyll

33

In which of the stages of photosynthesis does ATP form?

Light stage

34

Where precisely in a plant cell would you expect to find cellulose?

Cell wall

35

Veins contain valves whereas arteries do not. What is the function of the valves?

Prevent back flow of blood

36

Name the two scientists mainly associated with the cohesion-tension model of transport.

Dixon & Joly

37

Distinguish between breathing and respiration.

Breathing = the physical inhalation and exhalation Respiration = the controlled release of energy from food, within cells

38

What structures attach a muscle to a bone?

Tendons

39

What is a ‘denatured’ enzyme?

An enzyme (highly specific organic protein catalysts) that has been destroyed by excessive heat, pH, etc. It will not 'work' again.

40

Where do cilia occur in the breathing system? What is their function?

Where: Trachea Function: propulsion of mucus

41

Name the reagents used to test for a reducing sugar.

Fehling’s 1 & 2 or Benedict’s

42

Describe the principal features of the cohesion-tension model.

Water molecules stick together / due to H-bonding / continuous chain of water molecules / water tends to adhere to xylem walls / transpiration or water loss ‘pulls’ the column of water up

43

Name a test or give the chemicals used to demonstrate the presence of a reducing sugar.

Fehling’s 1 & 2 or Benedict’s

44

State one possible cause of asthma or bronchitis.

Asthma: of pollen, house mites, dog and cat dander or vigorous exercise Bronchitis: bacteria, viruses and long-term exposure to irritants such as cigarette smoke and air pollutants

45

Which upper arm muscle contracts to raise the lower arm?

Biceps

46

From what does a seed develop?

Ovule

47

Name an enzyme and matching substrate

Amylase + starch Maltase + maltose

48

The cohesion-tension model of transport attempts to explain water movement in plants against a particular force. Name this force.

Gravity

49

Where does fertilisation normally occur in the reproductive system of the human female?

Half way along the Fallopian Tube (Oviduct)

50

What is a disaccharide?

A carbohydrate composed of two monosaccharide units

51

When using Fehling’s or Benedict’s solution which of the following is correct? 1. No heat needed, 2. Heat but do not boil, 3. Boil.

2. Heat but do not boil

52

What is meant by the term antagonistic pair in reference to muscles?

(Two) muscles that work in opposition to each other

53

Where precisely does water enter a plant?

Through root hairs

54

Name the tissue in plant stems through which water rises to the leaves.

Xylem

55

Give an example of a treatment for asthma or bronchitis.

Asthma: steroid tablets or inhalers Bronchitis: bronchodilators

56

What might a hypothesis develop into?

A Theory

57

What do the letters ATP stand for?

Adenosine triphosphate

58

State one way in which carbohydrates differ from fats.

C, H and O in different proportions

59

Name the type of joint at the elbow.

Hinge or synovial or moveable

60

Give one way in which xylem is adapted for the transport of water.

Narrow or lignified (or rigid) or continuous lumen or wettable

61

From which structure in the seed does the root develop?

The radicle of the embryo

62

What process is responsible for the uptake of minerals in a plant?

Active transport

63

State one way in which yeast is beneficial to humans.

Baking and Brewing industries

64

State the products of segregation when an organism is heterozygous in respect of the dominant allele A.

A     and       a

65

What is meant by the term immunity?

The ability of the body to resist infection

66

Give a precise location of xylem in the stem.

In vascular bundles or next to phloem

67

Apart from movement, give one other function of the skeleton.

Protection or body support  or shape or blood cell production or muscle attachment

68

Name a monosaccharide and state a role for it in living organisms.

Glucose – energy Ribose - RNA

69

Suggest a benefit to the plant of the phototrophic growth response.

Maximise the amount of light trapped for photosynthesis

70

When may it be considered that the process of fertilisation is complete?

When the gamete nuclei fuse.

71

State precisely the events that take place at the alveoli.

Gaseous exchange. O2 from alveolus to blood and CO2 from blood to alveolus

72

State another function of xylem tissue other than water transport.

Support or other transport function

73

How are the alveoli adapted for their function?

Have a large surface area Walls of alveoli are elastic and only one cell thick

74

Suggest one reason why the bones of birds are almost hollow.

To be light  or  to allow flight

75

Name the reagents used to test for a protein.

Copper sulphate & Sodium hydroxide

76

Breathing rate in humans is controlled by the concentration of a gas dissolved in blood. Which gas is this?

Carbon dioxide

77

Name the nutrient medium on which you grew yeast.

Glucose solution

78

What is the function of the semi=circular canals in the ear?

Posture or balance

79

Give an example of a regulator in plants that inhibits growth.

abscisic acid and ethene

80

Cellulose is a polysaccharide. What is it formed from?

C, H and O

81

Through which microscopic structures does water enter a plant from the soil?

Root hairs

82

Energised electrons play a central role in ATP formation during photosynthesis. What is an energised electron?

Electrons containing additional energy which was picked up from the sun

83

In relation to protein synthesis what is a triplet and state the role of a triplet.

Triplet = a sequence of three nitrogenous bases of mRNA Role = it codes for a specific amino acid

84

What is the function of the Eustachian tube in the ear?

Pressure equalisation

85

Name the organelle (component) of the cell in which photosynthesis takes place.

Chloroplast

86

Why is a control important in an experiment?

For comparison purposes

87

Give two uses of plant growth regulators in horticulture.

Producing seedless fruit Promote ripening Selective Weed killer

88

By what process does water enter a plant?

Osmosis

89

Suggest one way in which a person might adapt his/her lifestyle to minimise the effects of asthma or bronchitis.

Avoid smokey atmospheres Avoid their symptom ‘trigger’

90

Name the part of the ear in which nerve impulses is generated.

Cochlea or semi-circular canals

91

State the Law of Independent Assortment.

During gamete formation each member of a pair of genes may combine randomly with either of another pair

92

In relation to flowering plants explain what is meant by vegetative propagation.

A type of reproduction in plants that does not involve the production of seed

93

Distinguish between endospermic and non-endospermic seeds.

Endospermic: a seed whose main food store is in the endosperm (nutritive tissue found within the embryo sac of a seed plant) Non-endospermic: main food store for developing embryo is in cotyledons

94

Explain what is meant by germ layers and name the germ layers that appear in early human development.

Layer of cells / in the blastula (embryo) / (potential to) give rise to (specific) tissues (or organs) Three layers: ectoderm, mesoderm & endoderm

95

Name the tissue that water travels through in a plant.

Xylem or Dermal or Ground or Vascular or Phloem

96

In what part of the eye are nerve impulses generated?

Retina or named part of retina

97

Define predation.

The act of killing and eating another animal (or organism) for food.

98

Give an example of the use of a synthetic growth regulator.

Selective weed killer

99

Name the process responsible for the entry of water into a plant.

Osmosis

100

In which tissue does water ascend through the plant?

Xylem

101

How do phospholipids differ from other lipids?

Are lipids with one of its fatty acids replaced with a phosphate group

102

Suggest one way by which the ear may be protected.

Skull (or bone) or wax or wear ear protection or avoid noisy environments

103

Name one process that causes water to move upwards in a plant.

Root pressure or cohesion or adhesion or capillarity or transpiration

104

To which group of blood cells do lymphocytes belong?

White blood cells

105

Explain the term niche.

The functional role of an organism (in an ecosystem)

106

Explain the part played by NADP- in photosynthesis.

It traps and transfers energised electrons and hydrogen ions.

107

Comment on the difficulty of describing a virus as a living organism.

non-cellular / one nucleic acid / can reproduce in host cell only or obligate parasite / do not possess organelles or named organelle

108

Explain how a corrective measure for a named defect of hearing or vision works.

Named defect Corrective measure or how this works to correct named defect

109

Distinguish between active and passive immunity.

Active = When the body produces its own antibodies – long term protection Passive = The body receives ready-made antibodies to combat infection – short term protection

110

Consider that night has fallen and the plant is in darkness. Suggest what will happen to the amount of water moving through the plant and give a reason for your answer.

(The amount of water moving through the plant) decreases (Because) photosynthesis stops or stomata close in darkness or night-time is cooler

111

The hammer (malleus) is a very small bone located in the …

Middle ear

112

Name an anabolic process carried out by plants.

Photosynthesis

113

In relation to protein synthesis describe the role of tRNA.

Carries specific amino acids from the cytoplasm to the ribosomes where they are joined together, in an order determined by the sequence of bases on the mRNA attached to the ribosomes.

114

State the precise location of the cell membrane in plant cells.

Immediately inside the cell wall

115

Bile is secreted by the …

Liver

116

Tiny holes called … allow gases to enter and leave the leaf.

Stomata

117

State two ways by which plants have adapted to protect themselves.

Thorns / stings / bad taste / poison / mimicry / cuticle / heat shock proteins

118

Bones are joined to other bones by …

Ligaments

119

An animal that eats both plants and animals is called an …

Omnivore

120

With what type of cell do you associate membrane-bound organelles?

Eukaryotic

121

What is a placenta? From what tissues does a placenta form?

A structure attached to the inner surface of the womb (uterus) of pregnant mammals, which helps to nourish the foetus, and discharges its waste.

122

Give an example of predation by naming a predator and its prey.

Predator = fox, Prey = rabbit

123

Suggest one reason why enzymes are not found in body soap or shampoo.

May digest skin

124

What is meant by fertilisation?

Fusion of gametes or formation of zygote

125

Describe how virus reproduction takes place in a host cell.

Attaches to host. Inserts nucleic acid into cell – takes over cell’s DNA. Makes numerous copies of it – new viruses assembled and cell bursts to release them.

126

What term is used to describe bacterial cells, i.e. no membrane-bound organelles?

Prokaryotic

127

Name a polysaccharide that has a different role to cellulose. What is the role of the polysaccharide that you have named?

Starch Role: storage carbohydrate

128

Give two examples of natural vegetative propagation that involve different parts of a plant.

Rhizomes (Stem), Bulbs (Leaves), Tubers (Root & Stem)

129

What term is used for the form of asexual reproduction in bacteria?

Binary fission

130

Describe two ways in which the skin helps to defend the body against pathogenic micro-organisms.

Continuous unbroken layer Sweat contains bactericidal agents

131

Name the part of the flower in each case 1.       Where fertilisation occurs 2.       That becomes the fruit.

1. Embryo sac or ovule or ovary or carpel 2. Carpel or ovary or receptacle

132

The cell membrane is described as being selectively permeable. What does this mean?

Only some substances are allowed through

133

Explain the term edaphic.

Factors relating to the soil [which affects the distribution of organisms in a (terrestrial) ecosystem]

134

What is meant by the diploid number of a cell?

Chromosomes in pairs (two sets of chromosomes).

135

In which stage of photosynthesis does carbon dioxide provide carbon for carbohydrate formation?

Dark Stage

136

State one difference between the seeds of monocotyledons and dicotyledons other than the number of seed leaves.

Monocotyledon: Parallel venation, scattered vascular bundles, petals in multiples of 3 Dicotyledon: Network venation, vascular bundles in a ring, petals in multiples of 4 or 5

137

Name the two main chemical components of a virus.

Protein coat and DNA or RNA

138

Why is diffusion alternatively known as passive transport?

No (or little) energy (or ATP) required

139

Each seed is made up of an embryo, a food store and a seed coat (testa). One function of fruit is to aid dispersal. Explain each of the underlined terms.

(Embryo): (part of seed that) becomes the new plant (Dispersal): Spreading of seeds.

140

What does the term pathogenic mean in relation to bacteria?

Disease causing organism

141

Give an example of an edaphic factor

Available (soil) water, mineral content, pH, humus

142

What is an enzyme?

Highly specific organic protein catalysts

143

What is meant by the germination of a seed?

Is the beginning of the growth after a period of dormancy

144

Osmosis may be described as “a special case of diffusion”. Explain why.

Movement of water or (osmosis) requires a membrane

145

Suggest a benefit of artificial propagation.

Varieties maintained Pollination, Dispersal & Germination eliminated

146

By which method are the seeds of the fruits of blackberries and sycamore fruit dispersed?

(Blackberries):     Animals (Sycamore fruit): Wind

147

State one factor that decreases heart rate and one factor that increases it.

Decrease = low body temperature / fitness / sedatives Increase = high body temperature / dehydration / exercise / fear / pain / caffeine / stress

148

Name a fat-soluble vitamin, a good source of it and a deficiency disease caused by it.

Fat-soluble: Vitamin D Source: Liver, Eggs, Sunlight Deficiency: Rickets & Osteomalacia

149

Where are the discs in the human backbone?

Between the vertebrae

150

Name the structure by which Amoeba gets rid of excess water that has entered by osmosis.

Contractile vacuole

151

Name the artery that supplies the heart muscle with blood.

Coronary artery

152

What is meant by the term DNA profiling?

Producing a picture of pieces of DNA when an organism’s DNA is broken up using specific enzymes and then sorted by size on a gel. The result is a bit like a bar code.

153

What term is given to the growth of an embryo into a plant?

Germination

154

Name two types of lymphocyte and state a role of each.

T-cells: do not produce antibodies but are either helper, killer, suppressor or memory cells B-cells: produce antibodies

155

To where does the pulmonary artery carry blood?

To the lungs

156

What is meant by the term metabolism?

All the chemical reactions in living cells

157

What is meant by the term evolution?

The way organisms change genetically from pre-existing forms to produce new species over long periods of time.

158

What is the function of the discs in the human backbone?

Prevent vertebrae rubbing off each other. To allow a little movement. To act as shock absorbers

159

What is a tissue?

Group of similar cells.

160

In order for germination to be successful, certain environmental conditions must be present. Name any two of these conditions.

Suitable temperature / moisture / O2

161

Clones are genetically identical individuals. Are the products of vegetative propagation clones? Explain your answer.

Yes. They only have one parent and their genotype is that of their parent.

162

“Enzymes are essential for metabolism”. Explain why this statement is true.

Enzymes are catalysts Enzymes control rate of metabolic reactions

163

What do bacteria form when environmental conditions become unfavourable?

Endospores

164

State three functions of a root.

Absorb water and minerals Support the plant Sometime to store food

165

What is a cotyledon?

A seed leaf, a food store.

166

Give a role for each of the following in the human body: (i) Yellow bone marrow, (ii) Red bone marrow.

Yellow: Contains fat-storage tissue Red: Produces blood cells

167

Describe the process of birth.

Oxytocin increases / Progesterone decreases / Uterus contracts / waters break / cervix dilates / baby out / usually head first / cord cut / placenta out

168

Is the following process anabolic or catabolic? Protein synthesis.

Anabolic

169

What is the function of the bicuspid valve?

Prevents blood flowing from the left ventricle to the left atrium when the ventricle contracts

170

What is the average resting rate of the human heart in beats per minute?

72

171

Name two minerals required by the human body and give their functions

Iron – haemoglobin formation Calcium – bone & teeth growth

172

State three environmental factors that are necessary for germination.

Water, Oxygen, Suitable temperature

173

What is the purpose of vaccination?

To introduce antigens causing the body to produce corresponding antibodies to gain immunity to that infection

174

Is the following process anabolic or catabolic? Conversion of ADP to ATP.

Anabolic

175

Give any one biological benefit of breastfeeding.

Ideal nutrient or antibodies or mother-baby bond or reduced infection

176

What is the function of mitosis in single-celled organisms?

Reproduction

177

Describe two techniques of artificial vegetative propagation that are used for flowering plants.

Cuttings, Layering, Grafting,

178

Complete the following equation, which is a summary of aerobic respiration. C6H12O6 + 6O2 à

Energy + 6CO2 + 6H2O

179

State two uses of DNA profiling.

Paternity disputes, Forensic Science, Genetic Screening, Genetic Archaeology

180

Is the following process anabolic or catabolic? Reactions in which product molecules are larger than substrate molecules.

Anabolic

181

Give an example of an herbivore and of a carnivore found in an ecosystem you have studied (not domesticated or farm animals).

Herbivore: rabbit Carnivore: fox

182

List two methods of contraception.

Condom / pill / IUD / cap / diaphragm / Spermicide / mucus monitoring / sympto-thermal / vasectomy / tubectomy / Surgical / chemical / mechanical / natural / rhythm / implants

183

Give one function of mitosis in multicellular organisms.

Growth of organism

184

Farmers add nitrates as fertilizers to the soil. They are advised not to spread fertilizers if heavy rain is forecast. Why do you think they are given this warning?

To prevent nitrates from entering streams and rivers. To prevent eutrophication.

185

What is the source of energy for the earth’s ecosystems?

Sun

186

State one way by which an enzyme may be denatured.

High temperature or high (or low) pH or agitation (or described) or high salinity or alcohol

187

Explain what is meant by pollution.

The harmful addition to the environment (by humans) that leaves it less able to sustain life

188

To what structure does the ureter link the kidney?

Bladder

189

Give two functions of the placenta.

To allow nutrients / O2 /  antibodies to pass to child / to allow CO2 out / waste to pass to mother / to synthesise progesterone / prevent mixing of blood / protect foetus from mother’s blood pressure

190

Name an organ in the human body, other than the kidney, in which excretion takes place.

Lungs, Skin

191

Give one location where mitosis occurs in flowering plants.

Meristematic zones

192

Give two features of a denatured enzyme.

Changed structure Loss of function

193

Give two industrial uses of the anaerobic respiration of yeast.

Baking & brewing industries

194

To which kingdom does Rhizopus belong?

Fungi

195

State a function of the sepal.

Protects the flower when it is a bud

196

From what tissues is the placenta formed?

Mother’s and child’s

197

Where does filtration occur in the kidney?

In the glomerulus.

198

Apart from carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, there is one other element always present in the building blocks of enzymes. Name that element.

Nitrogen

199

Name the liquid part of blood.

Plasma

200

What is genetic engineering?

Manipulation or alteration of genes

201

Give an example of pollution and describe how this form of pollution can be controlled.

Example & Control measure

202

Name the process that takes place in plants in which this energy is converted to a usable form.

Photosynthesis

203

Describe the process of natural selection.

The way nature selects organisms with advantageous genes which allow them to adapt to the environment, and pass them on to successive generations

204

In a classroom investigation into the factors affecting the rate of photosynthesis the variable investigated was either light intensity or CO2 concentration. How was the rate of photosynthesis measured?

Counted bubbles (or measured volume) / per unit time OR datalogging / named sensor (or mention of time)

205

From what part of the embryo plant within the seed does the root develop?

Radicle

206

Name two vascular tissues found in flowering plants.

Xylem and Phloem

207

Name three processes involved in genetic engineering.

Isolation, Cutting, Ligation, Insertion, Transformation, Expression

208

Name an important group of biomolecules that plants make from nitrates.

Proteins

209

Name two male secondary sexual characteristics.

Deep voice / enlarged testes / enlarged penis / facial hair / chest hair / underarm hair / pubic hair / extra sebum / distinctive musculature / Sexual aggression / Increase sex drive

210

In a classroom investigation into the factors affecting the rate of photosynthesis the variable investigated was either light intensity or CO2 concentration. Name a factor that must be kept constant during this investigation.

Light (if CO2 addressed) or CO2 (if light addressed) or temperature

211

Aerobic respiration is a two-stage process. The first stage takes place in the cytoplasm. Where does the second stage take place?

Mitochondria

212

Name an autotrophic organism

Grass

213

Give an example of a catabolic reaction

Respiration

214

The conversion of atmospheric nitrogen to nitrates by bacteria is called …

Nitrogen fixation

215

Give an example of an application of genetic engineering in each of the following cases: 1. A micro-organism, 2. An animal, 3. A plant.

M/O: Production of human insulin Animal: Sheep producing blood clotting factors Plant: Production of Golden Rice – possible solution to Vitamin A deficiency

216

What is meant by the term evolution?

Inheritable change within a population (or species) / in response to change in the environment / by natural selection / over time

217

Name the principal male sex hormone.

Testosterone

218

What is the ratio of hydrogen atoms to oxygen atoms in a carbohydrate?

H:O::2:1

219

A relationship between two organisms in which both benefit is called ...

Symbiotic

220

In which part of the flower is pollen produced?

Anther of the stamen

221

An example of a protein that has a structural role is ...

Keratin, myosin

222

Name either of the scientists responsible for the Theory of Natural Selection.

Darwin or Wallace

223

What term is used by biologists to describe differences within a population with respect to features such as height?

Variation

224

What is the function of the sperm duct (vas deferens)?

To carry sperm or semen

225

Why is a dicotyledonous (dicot) plant so called?

Because it contains two seed leaves

226

What is a mutation?

Change in the genetic make up

227

What is the function of the stomata?

To allow gaseous exchange

228

Distinguish between the members of each of the following pairs of terms, by writing a sentence about each member of each pair: Gene and allele.

Gene: a section of DNA that codes for one polypeptide (or protein or trait) or unit of heredity Allele: an alternative form of a gene

229

Name two substances that are dissolved in the liquid part of blood.

Glucose, minerals, vitamins, hormones, etc.

230

Name a plant in which the leaves are modified for food storage

Tulip, daffodil, etc.

231

From what part of the digestive system does the digested food enter the blood?

Small intestine or duodenum or ileum or jejunum

232

Give an example of a human activity that results in the pollution of air or water

Air: Burning fossil fuel Water: excessive use of fertiliser - eutrophication

233

Name a dicotyledonous plant.

Broad bean, chestnut, peanut, etc.

234

Distinguish between the members of each of the following pairs of terms, by writing a sentence about each member of each pair: Homozygous and heterozygous.

Homozygous: identical alleles Heterozygous: different alleles (of a gene)

235

What is peristalsis?

Method of moving substances (e.g. food) through tubes (e.g. intestines) by waves of rhythmic contractions and relaxations of muscles

236

Yeast cells produce ethanol (alcohol) in a process called fermentation. Is this process affected by temperature?

Yes

237

Where would you find a meristem in a root?

At the tip – immediately behind the root cap.

238

State 1.            One role of the pancreas in digestion. 2.            One role of the gall bladder in digestion.

1. (Pancreas) -Makes enzymes or makes neutralising secretion or makes NaHCO3 2. (Gall bladder) -  Stores bile or releases bile

239

Explain the purpose of a control in a scientific experiment.

For comparison

240

Distinguish between the members of each of the following pairs of terms, by writing a sentence about each member of each pair: Genotype and phenotype.

Genotype: genetic makeup or  genes (alleles) present Phenotype: the expression of the genotype (and environment)  or physical makeup (or appearance)

241

Explain what is meant by conservation.

The wise management of the environment or organisms

242

What is meant by germination?

It is the beginning of the growth of seeds, spores or pollen grains after a period of dormancy.

243

Name a part of a flower that may develop into a fruit.

Ovary

244

Cardiac muscle may be described as a contractile tissue. Explain the meaning of the underlined term.

Capable of shortening or contracting

245

Name the blood vessel that carries the digested food to the liver.

(Hepatic) portal vein

246

Distinguish between the members of each of the following pairs of terms, by writing a sentence about each member of each pair: Linkage and sex linkage.

Linkage: genes on the same chromosome Sex-linkage: (located) on sex-chromosome or on X- chromosome or on Y-chromosome

247

Explain the following terms that are used in ecology: biosphere, habitat and niche.

Biosphere: the part of the planet where life occurs Habitat: The place where an organism lives. Niche: The functional role of an organism (in an ecosystem)

248

ATP is an abbreviation. What does it stand for?

Adenosine triphosphate

249

Name an enzyme that is involved in the digestion of fat

Lipase

250

What is an agar plate?

Petri dish containing a jelly (or solid medium)

251

Suggest a treatment that may be used for a person whose kidneys are not carrying out their normal functions.

Dialysis

252

What is meant by the term excretion?

Eliminating waste / made in the body

253

State two functions of the liver – other than the processing of digested food.

Heat generation / vitamin storage / iron storage / makes cholesterol / bile manufacture / deamination of amino acids / detoxification of poisons / plasma protein synthesis / Blood Cell breakdown

254

State one cause of mutation.

Chemicals, Radiation

255

What is homeostasis?

Maintaining a constant internal environment

256

What is the source of the heat that allows the body to maintain a constant internal temperature?

Respiration

257

What is the difference between a nucleus of an egg cell and that of a somatic (body) cell of an animal?

Egg cell – haploid Somatic cell – diploid

258

Mention one method of excretion in flowering plants.

Diffusion or leaf fall or transpiration or through lenticels (or through stomata)

259

Why is digestion necessary in a germinating seed?

To make (food) soluble or to make (food) transportable

260

The colon contains many symbiotic bacteria – mostly ‘good’ bacteria. State two benefits we get from these bacteria.

They synthesise vitamins / they out-compete pathogens or complement immune system / break down fibre / more vitamins / more minerals

261

Give a brief account of a conservation practice with which you are familiar.

Preserving lands as wild life parks ensures that: existing environments are maintained, endangered species are preserved for reproduction, the balance of nature is maintained and pollution and its effects are reduced

262

What happens to the two polar nuclei in the carpel?

Both fertilised by male gamete nucleus to form the triploid endosperm nucleus

263

What is a germ layer?

Layer of cells / in the blastula (embryo) / (potential to) give rise to (specific) tissues (or organs)

264

Name the blood vessel that supplies blood to a kidney.

Renal artery

265

What is an auxin?

A chemical that is a plant growth regulator or a plant growth hormone (e.g. IAA), produced in the meristematic tissue of shoots, roots, young leaves and developing seeds. It stimulates cell elongation and cell division in plants.

266

State one function of the liquid part of blood.

Transport dissolved substances

267

Explain the word digestion.

The breaking down of food

268

To which group of biomolecules do enzymes belong?

Proteins

269

List three types of tropism.

Phototropism, Thigmotropism, Chemotropism, Geotropism, Hydrotropism

270

From which blood vessel does the renal artery arise?

Aorta

271

State one feature that indicates that Rhizopus belongs to the kingdom Fungi.

No chlorophyll, no stamens, no flowers. Has stolon,  rhizoids, mycelium, hyphae, sporangium, spores

272

The hepatic portal vein carries blood from the alimentary canal to the …

Liver

273

A tendon joins … to bone.

Muscle

274

Give one role for each of the following types of teeth: 1.            Incisors 2.            Molars.

1. Cutting (food) 2. Chewing/grinding (food)

275

Hormones are secreted by … glands.

Endocrine

276

In which cavity of the body are the kidneys located?

Abdominal (cavity) or Abdomen

277

State Mendel’s Law of Segregation.

States that characters (traits) are controlled by pairs of genes (e.g. Tt) that separate (segregate) at gamete formation. Each gamete carries only one gene for the trait.

278

Give an account of the evidence for evolution from a named source.

Comparative embryology: comparing the developing embryos of vertebrates shows a similarity between certain structures, e.g. the position of the brain, eyes, gill slits and tail of the fish, tortoise, rabbit, bird, chick and human. This suggests that organisms descended from common ancestors.

279

In which part of a flower does a seed form?

Ovule

280

Gas exchange between a leaf and the atmosphere takes place through the …

Stomata

281

Peristalsis begins when food enters the oesophagus. What is meant by peristalsis?

(muscular) contractions /in the walls of the alimentary canal/to move food

282

Name one substance, other than water, excreted in the urine.

Urea or salt  or uric acid

283

True or false.  Mitosis is the division of a nucleus into two identical nuclei

True

284

Name a substance that yeast can use to make ethanol.

Glucose, Sucrose, Starch

285

Name a factor that influences the activity of an enzyme.

Temperature, pH, substrate and product concentration

286

What is fertilisation?

The fusion (union) of a male gamete and female gamete [or two haploid gametes] to form a diploid zygote

287

Filtration ensures that cells and valuable substances are not lost from the body when urine is being formed. Name two of these substances or cells.

Glucose, Amino acids, Red and White blood cells

288

Give a feature of the kidney which indicates that it is an exocrine gland.

Has ducts or does not produce hormones

289

Describe the following changes that happen to food in the stomach: 1.            Mechanical changes 2.            Chemical changes.

1. Churned 2. pH changes or broken down by acid or broken down by enzymes or proteins → peptides

290

Name the type of joint at your elbow.

Hinge

291

Fats are composed of fatty acids and …

Glycerol

292

Explain conservation in relation to wild plants and animals.

Ensures that existing environments are maintained, endangered species are preserved for reproduction, the balance of nature is maintained and pollution and its effects are reduced

293

Name two cell organelles, other than the nucleus, that contain DNA.

Chloroplast, Mitochondria

294

Name the hormone associated with changing the permeability of the collecting duct.

Anti-diuretic hormone or ADH or vasopressin

295

State the role of the kidneys in homeostasis.

To help maintain a constant internal environment by controlling the concentration of water and salt

296

What is the pH of the stomach contents?

0 - 3

297

State two ways in which the body is insulated against loss of heat.

Subcutaneous fat = a layer of thermal insulation Hair = Traps air

298

Name a factor that influences the diameter of the stomata.

CO2 and light Low CO2 conc and light causes them to open

299

Which chamber of the heart has the greatest amount of muscle in its wall?

Left ventricle

300

A sample of urine was found to contain protein. 1.       Would you consider this to be normal? 2.       Explain your answer.

1.        No 2.        Protein molecules too big (to pass into the filtrate)

301

Some flowers have nectaries. How are these flowers pollinated? Explain your answer.

By insects. They are drawn to the flower for the sugary nectar.

302

Explain the terms alleles and dominant.

Allele: An alternative form of a gene Dominant: One allele masks the expression of the other

303

Where does the partially digested food go when it leaves the stomach?

Duodenum or small intestine

304

Where precisely does fertilisation normally occur in the human female?

About half way along the Fallopian tube or oviduct

305

List the three germ layers. Relate each of the germ layers that you have listed to an organ or system in the adult body.

Ectoderm: skin, hair, nails Mesoderm: muscles, skeleton Endoderm: linings of the alimentary canal, trachea

306

A sample of urine was found to contain glucose. 1.       Would you consider this to be normal? 2.       Explain your answer.

1.        No 2.        Glucose (in the filtrate should have been) reabsorbed

307

Define tropism

The growth response of part of a plant to an external unidirectional stimulus

308

True or false. A sperm contains the haploid number of chromosomes

True

309

Blood contains red cells and white cells. State one function for each of these.

Red: Carry oxygen White: Protect against disease

310

What is meant by a ‘balanced’ diet?

(One which contains) all the food types / in correct or suitable or optimum  proportions

311

What term is used to describe alleles that lie on the same chromosome?

Linked

312

What do you understand by the term adverse external environment?

Surroundings that are harmful to organism(s)

313

State one reason why a low pH is important in the stomach

To facilitate the action of pepsin and rennin

314

Name a type of modified stem that functions in food storage.

Stem tuber: potato

315

What name is given to fats that are liquid at room temperature?

Lipds

316

In ecological studies it is found that the distribution of organisms is influenced by abiotic and biotic factors. Distinguish between the underlined terms.

Abiotic = non-living Biotic = living features

317

Distinguish between autotrophic nutrition and heterotrophic nutrition.

Autotrophic nutrition: Food synthesised from simple molecules or produces own food Heterotrophic nutrition: already synthesised food consumed from other organisms or food from other sources

318

Give two ways in which plants protect themselves from adverse external environments.

Thick cuticle / changed transpiration (rate) / leaf fall / toxic parts / thorns / stings / dormancy / perennating organs / heat shock proteins

319

An example of a fat-soluble vitamin is … A source is … A lack causes …

D, Dairy products, Rickets

320

Explain the term species.

Organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring.

321

What are the products of fat digestion?

Glycerol and fatty acids

322

If the magnification of a microscope eyepiece is X 10 and the magnification of the objective lens is X 40, what magnification results when a slide is viewed using both of these lenses?

400

323

State a site of auxin secretion.

Tip of shoot or buds or meristem / developing leaves or seeds or other correct location

324

Name the group of substances in plants which control responses to external stimuli.

Plant growth regulators or auxins (or other named group)

325

What is the relationship between the rate of photosynthesis and either the light intensity or the carbon dioxide concentration.

As either light intensity or CO2 conc. increases, the rate of photosynthesis increases.

326

Name the chemical elements present in carbohydrates.

Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen

327

What are secondary sexual characteristics?

The physical characteristics that distinguish male from female apart from the sex organs themselves [that develop during puberty].

328

What is meant by variation? State two causes of variation.

Difference between members of species or population

329

Suggest two reasons for conserving wild species.

endangered species are preserved for reproduction, the balance of nature is maintained

330

What name is given to the regions in plants in which growth regulators are produced?

Meristems

331

True or false. Chromosomes are made of DNA and lipid

False

332

Most Irish tomatoes are grown in greenhouses. State two ways a commercial producer could increase her/his crop yield of tomatoes.

Extra CO2 / increase temperature / growth promoters / increase light / add fertilizer

333

Where are sperm produced?

Seminiferous tubules in the  testes

334

What is the function of a semilunar valve?

They prevent the backflow (reflux) of blood into the heart

335

From what structures does the placenta develop?

uterine tissue and embryonic tissue

336

Give locations for two meristematic regions (meristems) in plants.

Root tip / shoot (or stem) tip / bud / embryo (or named part) / fruit / seed / between xylem and phloem (or vascular bundle)

337

What is the significance of inherited variation in the evolution of species?

Produces new genotypes or allows natural selection

338

Phototropism is the growth response of a plant to …

Light

339

The process of respiration occurs in two stages, Stage 1 and Stage 2, that take place in different parts of the cell. Say where in the cell Stage 1 occurs and where in the cell Stage 2 occurs. Does the whole process release a large amount or a small amount of energy?

Stage 1. Cytoplasm Stage 2. Mitochondria Large

340

State one cause of infertility in the female and one cause of infertility in the male.

In Female: hormonal, blockage or failure to ovulate In Male: low sperm count (or reason for) or hormonal

341

Name the apertures in stems that are equivalent to the stomata.

Lenticels

342

Most plant shoots are positively phototropic. Explain the underlined term.

Growth towards light

343

True or false. Organisms of the same species can usually produce fertile offspring.

True

344

Describe the ways in which the body responds when its internal temperature rises above the normal level.

Vasodilation (or explained) / (secretion of) sweat / hairs lie flat or less air trapped

345

State two types of evidence used to support the theory of evolution.

Fossils or embryos or anatomy or genetics

346

Write a word equation to show what happens when yeast breaks down glucose in the absence of oxygen.

(Glucose →) Ethanol (allow alcohol) + CO2 + energy

347

What substance, other than ethanol, is produced during fermentation?

Carbon dioxide

348

How does the plant benefit from a positive phototrophic response?

Increased photosynthesis

349

Give an example of a condition, found in the human population that results from a mutation.

Down’s syndrome, cancer or stripe in eye colour

350

What is the function of the prostate gland?

Production of (seminal) fluid or nutrition (of sperm)

351

How may the action of an auxin be considered similar to the action of a hormone in the human body?

Made in one place / transported to other part / causes response / slow acting /long lasting

352

State two functions of fats in the human body

Source of energy and thermal insulation

353

Give one industrial application of yeast breaking down glucose in the absence of oxygen.

e.g. Brewing or bread making

354

Explain the mechanism of response by a plant to a named external stimulus.

Named stimulus / diffusion of growth regulator / unequal distribution (of growth regulator) / one side grows faster / results in bending

355

What does an ecologist mean by the term conservation?

The wise management of the environment or organisms

356

Name two common blood-grouping systems

A, B, O Rhesus

357

Explain the following terms that are used in genetics; dominance, genotype, phenotype.

dominance – one allele masking the expression of its partner genotype – all the genes of an individual or genetic makeup or genome phenotype – the expression of a genotype (the appearance or the characteristic(s) of an organism)

358

Name the gas used in photosynthesis.

Carbon dioxide

359

Name a carbohydrate that you would expect to find in the modified leaves of a bulb.

Starch

360

What is a hormone?

A chemical messenger or product of endocrine (or ductless) gland

361

When muscles break down glucose in the absence of oxygen, one main product is produced. Name this product.

Lactic acid

362

State a function of each of the following parts of a flower: petal; sepal; anther.

Petal - Attracts insects to effect pollination Sepal – Protects the flower when it is a bud Anther – (part of the stamen) produces and stores pollen until it is ripe

363

Give an outline of one conservation practice used in agriculture or fisheries or forestry.

Fisheries: Net size.  Conservation benefit: Smaller fish allowed to mature and breed ensuring continuation of species and stock

364

What is the role of bile in fat digestion?

Emulsifies fats

365

Explain what is meant by pollination.

The transfer of pollen from the anther of the stamen of one flower, to the stigma of the carpel of another flower

366

State two ways in which hormones are similar to plant growth regulators.

Produced in one location / acts in different location / prolonged effect

367

From an ecosystem that you have investigated give an example of an abiotic factor that influences the distribution of a named plant in the ecosystem.

Abiotic factor: Light intensity Plant: Moss

368

Which biological process is represented by the following word equation: glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy?

Aerobic respiration

369

What is meant by DNA profiling?

Producing a picture of pieces of DNA when an organism’s DNA is broken up using specific enzymes and then sorted by size on a gel. The result is a bit like a bar code.

370

Name a substance produced during aerobic respiration that is not produced during fermentation.

Water

371

What is meant by the term omnivore?

An animal that eats both animals and plants.

372

What is meant by feedback in relation to hormone action?

When the level of a hormone (in the blood) controls (the production) of another (or itself)

373

Name a part of a flower from which a fruit develops.

Ovary

374

True or false. Aerobic respiration is the release of energy in the absence of oxygen

False

375

What is meant by metabolism?

(The sum of all) the chemical reactions (in an organism) or catabolism + anabolism

376

What is meant by germination?

Is the beginning of the growth after a period of dormancy

377

Give an example of a carbohydrate that has a structural role. Where would you expect to find this carbohydrate in a living organism?

Cellulose Cell wall

378

Give a brief account of the feedback mechanism for a named hormone.

Named hormone inhibits (or causes production of) a named hormone

379

State one way in which a sperm differs from an ovum (egg).

It is motile or has a tail or correct comment on shape or size or very little cytoplasm or may contain ‘Y’ chromosome or has more mitochondria

380

In relation to ecological surveys, explain the meaning of the terms: 1. Qualitative, 2. Quantitative.

1. The types of organisms present 2. Numbers of individuals or number of species

381

State one conservation practice from agriculture or fisheries or forestry

Fisheries: Net size Conservation benefit: Smaller fish allowed to mature and breed ensuring continuation of species and stock

382

Give two reasons why living things need energy.

e.g. For movement / for heat / for making products / for internal transport

383

What is metabolism?

All the chemical reactions taking place in living organisms

384

Describe one deficiency symptom of a named hormone.

One deficiency symptom of a named hormone

385

What stain did you use for viewing plant cells on the slide?

Iodine

386

Where in your dissection did you find the origin of the coronary artery?

aorta or near semi lunar valve

387

Describe briefly the hormonal and nervous responses that occur when internal body temperature drops.

receptor (or detection) / receptor in skin / receptor in medulla or brain / shiver / generates heat / hairs stand up or goose bumps / air trapped / vasoconstriction (or explained) / increased metabolic rate or increased respiration / any relevant comment on named hormone e.g. thyroxine increases metabolic rate or increases respiration

388

Suggest a role for NAD / NADP+ in cell activities.

Capturing or transferring electrons or protons or hydrogen (ions)

389

Protein synthesis involves both transcription and translation. Where in a cell does transcription occur?

Nucleus

390

Distinguish between contest competition and scramble competition by writing a sentence about each.

Contest: (Results in) winner takes all (of a limited resource) Scramble:(Results in) each gets some (of a limited resource)

391

Give an example of a human secondary sexual characteristic.

Male: broadening of the shoulders, growth and enlargement of penis, deepening of the voice, body and facial hair, etc. Female: enlargement and growth of the breasts, growth of body hair under arms and pubic regions

392

State three functions of the placenta.

produces hormones (or named) / allows passage of food (or named) / and oxygen / antibodies / waste (or named) / acts as a barrier

393

What is meant by pollution?

The harmful addition to the environment (by humans) that leaves it less able to sustain life

394

What is meant by in vitro fertilisation? What is done with the products of in vitro fertilisation?

Fusion of the male and female gamete outside the body. Implanted in a womb or stored for future use or destroyed

395

In each of the following cases give one example of a plant that uses the stated method of seed dispersal: 1. Wind, 2. Animal.

Wind: dandelion, sycamore Animal: blackberry, burdock

396

Name a factor, other than competition, that controls wild populations.

disease or parasitism or predation or hunting or reference to other named environmental condition

397

What type of RNA is involved in transcription?

Messenger /m (RNA)

398

What name is given to the first stage of respiration?

Glycolysis

399

What is the difference between self-pollination and cross-pollination?

Self: the transfer of pollen from the anther of the stamen of one flower to the stigma of the carpel of the same flower or another flower on the same plant. Cross: the transfer of pollen from the anther of the stamen of one flower to the stigma of the carpel of another flower on a different plant of the same species.

400

True or false. RNA is not found in ribosomes

True

401

List three factors that are essential for germination.

Suitable temperature, Oxygen, Water

402

What deduction can be made from the following observation? In a particular area the population of a predator did not decline following a big reduction in the population of its main prey.

Different prey

403

What is connected to the ear by the Eustachian tube?

Throat

404

In what organelle does translation occur?

Ribosome

405

In the case of a named ecosystem give an example of a biotic factor that influences the distribution of a named animal.

Ecosystem: Woodland / Hedgerow Biotic factor: Predator (fox) Named Animal: Rabbit

406

The first stage ends with the formation of pyruvate (pyruvic acid). In anaerobic conditions, what is produced from this pyruvate: 1. In muscle cells, 2. In yeast cells?

1. Lactic acid 2. Ethanol + CO2

407

What is a hormone?

Chemical produced by an endocrine gland which travels in the bloodstream to target organ(s) to exert a specific response(s)

408

What deduction can be made from the following observation? Mortality levels resulting from infection by a particular virus tend to decline over the years.

(Host) immunity develops or comment on natural selection (or described) or most virulent strains die off or vaccination

409

State a role of beneficial bacteria in the alimentary canal.

Production of vitamins or inhibition of pathogens or (aids) digestion

410

What is meant by infertility? State one cause of infertility in the human male.

The inability [to produce (sufficient) gametes and] to conceive or produce offspring. Low sperm count or low sperm motility or hormonal

411

Name the small biomolecules that are joined together to make a protein.

Amino acids

412

What is meant by a pyramid of numbers?

The numbers of organisms at each trophic level

413

Name the gas produced during photosynthesis.

Oxygen

414

What deduction can be made from the following observation? Where some members of a species remain in the same general area throughout life and some members are migratory, mortality levels tend to be higher in the migratory part of the population.

Hazards encountered on migration (or particular example of a hazard)

415

If conditions are aerobic, pyruvate next passes to an organelle in which the second stage of respiration takes place. Name this organelle.

Mitochondrion

416

State a role of carbohydrates other than a structural one.

Release of energy Energy store (starch, glycogen)

417

Which is present in the middle ear, gas or liquid?

Gas

418

What must happen to the newly formed protein before it can begin to work?

It must fold (into its functional shape)

419

State two good sources of protein in the human diet.

Lean meat, fish, eggs

420

What deduction can be made from the following observation? There is a greater variety of herbaceous (non woody) plants in areas where grazing species, such as rabbits, are more plentiful than in areas where grazing species are less plentiful.

(Grazing results in) reduced competition (or described)

421

Name three methods of contraception and, in each case, explain how the method prevents conception.

mechanical – prevents contact between sperm and egg surgical – prevents contact between sperm and egg chemical – prevents ovulation or hormone levels changed natural - (safe period) – intercourse takes place avoiding ovulation

422

Give two uses of DNA profiling.

Paternity disputes, Forensic Science, Genetic Screening, Genetic Archaeology

423

Pyruvate is broken down to CO2 and a two-carbon compound. Name this two-carbon compound.

Acetyl Co-Enzyme A

424

Name a hormone associated with the maintenance of the placenta.

Progesterone

425

Give one function of proteins in living organisms.

e.g. enzymes or muscle component or skin component or hair component or structural or metabolic (allow ‘energy’), growth, repair

426

What deduction can be made from the following observation? In some species of migratory ducks in the northern hemisphere it is found that the wintering grounds of the males lie further south than those of the females.

Accept any biological knowledge-based statement that would provide a plausible rationale for a differential migratory pattern

427

Why is it important for plants to disperse their seeds?

To avoid overcrowding, minimise competition and encourage colonisation

428

Name the energy source for photosynthesis.

The sun

429

In the case of one hormone state: 1. The gland that produces it, 2. A function of this hormone, 3. A deficiency symptom of this hormone.

Hormone: Thyroxine  Gland: Thyroid Function: controls rate of respiration Deficiency: myxoedema (adult) cretinism (child)

430

State two features visible under a light microscope that indicate that cells are typical plant cells.

Cell wall & vacuole

431

The human circulatory system has two circuits. Give the name of each of these circuits.

Pulmonary & Systemic

432

In relation to a study of an ecosystem distinguish clearly between qualitative and quantitative surveys by writing a sentence about each.

Qualitative: What is present Quantitative: How many present

433

When a pure-breeding black cat was mated with a pure-breeding white cat, all the kittens were black. Which fur colour, black or white, is recessive in these cats?

White

434

What is meant by a vascular tissue?

Refers to a group of cells with a similar function involved in the transport of substances, i.e. xylem and phloem in plants, and blood in animals.

435

True or false. Immobilised enzymes can act as catalysts

True

436

Name a chemical element found in proteins that is not found in carbohydrates.

Nitrogen

437

Suggest two possible fates for oxygen, following its production in a plant.

1. Given off to the atmosphere 2. Used in respiration

438

How were you able to identify the different plants in the ecosystem that you investigated?

Key(s) or illustrations

439

State a function of sieve tubes.

Conduct food throughout the plant

440

What are alleles?

Different forms of the same gene or B,b

441

Write a short note on each of the following: 1. Pulse, 2. Blood pressure.

1. Contraction of (wall of) artery or expansion of artery or due to pumping of heart (or of left ventricle) or rate at which heart beats 2. Force exerted by blood (or by heart)

442

State the function of the cochlea.

To convert sound to nerve impulses

443

Cellulose is an example of a structural …

Carbohydrate

444

Describe how you carried out a quantitative survey of the major plant species.

Quadrat / random / how random / count (or estimate) / many times / calculate (or record) OR Transect / stations / intervals / count (or estimate) / how (counted) / result described

445

Vitamins are either water-soluble or …-soluble

Fat

446

What term is used to describe the nutrition of plants?

Autotrophic (photosynthesis)

447

Give one example of an inherited human characteristic.

e.g. eye colour

448

Fats are composed of oxygen, hydrogen and …

Carbon

449

The human circulatory system has two circuits. Which of these circuits involves the pumping of blood by the left ventricle?

Systemic

450

Give two possible sources of error that may have arisen in the course of your ecological survey.

Misidentification / non-random (quadrat distribution) / not enough times / unsuitable quadrat size / miscount (or miscalculation)

451

When an iodine solution is added to a food sample and remains red-brown in colour … is absent.

Starch

452

What is meant by the dormancy of seeds?

A period of rest, inactivity or non-vegetative state before growth or germination.

453

What term is used by ecologists to describe the organisms that form the base of a pyramid of numbers?

Primary producers

454

Give one example of a non-inherited human characteristic.

e.g. ability to roller skate

455

When two monosaccharides unite they form a …

Disaccharide

456

How are the two strands of a DNA molecule joined together?

Hydrogen bonds

457

Removal from the body of the waste products of metabolism is called …

Excretion

458

Comment on the effect of each of the following on the circulatory system: 1. Diet, 2. Exercise.

Diet: Low fat – cholesterol Exercise: Strengthen heart muscle – improve circulation

459

Explain each of the following terms in relation to the scientific method: hypothesis, control, data, replicate, theory.

Hypothesis: Educated guess based on observation Control: Standard for comparison Data: Measurements or observations or information gathered from an experiment Replicate: Make a duplicate(s) of an experiment or procedure Theory: A proven hypothesis

460

Proteins are digested to simpler substances. What are these simpler substances called?

Amino acids

461

Which structures in sperm and egg nuclei are responsible for biological inheritance?

Chromosomes or genes or DNA

462

What is ‘junk’ DNA?

Non-coding (or described)

463

Plants obtain carbon dioxide from the air. Name two processes that release this gas into the air.

Respiration, Combustion, Decomposition,

464

True or false. Urea is formed in the kidneys.

False

465

Where in a cell does photosynthesis take place?

Chloroplast

466

Give two ways, other than colour, in which a red blood cell differs in structure or composition from a typical body cell such as one in the cheek lining.

Contain haemoglobin / no nucleus (or other named organelle) / biconcave shape

467

State a function of mitosis in a single-celled organism.

Reproduction

468

Referring to the procedures that you used to isolate DNA from a plant tissue. 1.       What was the first procedure that you followed? 2.       What was the reason for that procedure?

1.        Chop 2.        To disrupt structure (or described) or to increase surface area

469

State the effect of any one named pollutant.

Named pollutant Effect must match named pollutant

470

State the function of the semi-circular canals.

Detects movement of the head and controls the balance of the body

471

Name two ways in which cross-pollination happens.

Wind, Insect

472

State two ways in which villi are adapted for the absorption of soluble foods.

Large surface area / rich blood supply / microvilli / thin-walled / lacteal

473

State one way in which hormone action differs from nerve action.

Slower response, more widespread, usually slower response

474

Give a reason for the use of washing-up liquid when used to isolate DNA from a plant tissue.

To disrupt membranes

475

What is the role of the SA (sinoatrial) and AV (atrioventricular) nodes in the heart?

SA: controls the heartbeat. Sends out wave of impulses to muscles of both atria causing atria to contract AV: picks up the wave of impulses that cause the atria to contract and transmits them to the ventricles, causing them to contract in turn

476

Outline one conservation measure carried out by one of the following industries: agriculture or forestry or fisheries.

Outline of one conservation measure

477

What is a bioreactor?

A container in which a living thing is used in the production of something useful

478

Yeasts are eukaryotic organisms. What does this mean?

Cells which have a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles

479

What is meant by genetic engineering?

Manipulation or alteration of genes

480

Give a reason for the use of salt (sodium chloride) when used to isolate DNA from a plant tissue.

To clump the DNA (or described) or to protect DNA from other positive ions

481

Suggest an advantage of dormancy of seeds to a plant.

Ensures springtime germination

482

Where in a leaf would you expect to find cells with most chlorophyll?

near upper surface or palisade layer

483

Name one problem associated with waste disposal.

One problem associated with waste disposal

484

Give the precise locations of both the SA and the AV nodes in the heart.

SA: (in the wall of) Right Atrium AV: In (or near) septum or near tricuspid valve or between atrium and ventricle

485

Define the following terms as used in genetics; linkage, sex linkage.

Linkage: Genes located  on the same chromosome[ are said to be linked] Sex linkage: Gene located on X- chromosome or on Y-chromosome

486

What is a protease?

An enzyme that digests protein

487

Distinguish between aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

Aerobic: The release of energy from carbohydrate using oxygen Anaerobic: The release of energy from carbohydrate without using oxygen

488

State a function of companion cells.

Controls the activities of the phloem sieve tube

489

Where in the cell does the first stage of respiration occur?

Cytosol (= cytoplasm minus organelles)

490

State one role of microorganisms in waste management

To consume waste

491

State one function of protein in the human body.

structural (growth, repair, muscle, hair, nails) metabolic (enzymes) or immunity (antibodies)

492

Why is a protease enzyme necessary when isolating DNA?

Because DNA is combined with protein

493

Name a disorder of the breathing system and say how it may be: 1. Caused, 2. Prevented, 3. Treated.

Name: Chronic Bronchitis Caused: irritants such as cigarette smoke and air pollutants Prevented: Don’t smoke Treated: Bronchodilator

494

True or false. Motor neurons conduct impulses towards the central nervous system.

False

495

Give two sources of the carbon dioxide that is found in the atmosphere.

Respiration, Combustion, Decomposition

496

Describe the amnion and state its role.

Amnion: sac or membrane Role: holds or produces fluid or protects embryo (or foetus)

497

Explain the terms pollution and conservation.

Pollution: Harmful addition to an ecosystem Conservation: Management of ecosystems

498

The final stage of the isolation of DNA involves the use of freezer-cold ethanol. 1.       Describe how it is used. 2.       For what purpose is it used?

1.        Added down the side of the test tube or added slowly 2.        To bring the DNA out of solution

499

Give an account of a chemical test to demonstrate that alcohol (ethanol) has been produced. Include the initial colour and final colour of the test.

(Potassium) dichromate / add acid or warm / orange / to green OR Iodoform test or potassium iodide / add sodium hypochlorite or warm / colourless / to yellow

500

What does an ecologist mean by competition?

When two or more organisms fight for a resource that is in short supply

501

Which gas, dissolved in the blood, can trigger deeper or faster breathing?

Carbon dioxide

502

Where is testosterone secreted in the body of the human male?

Testes

503

Explain each of the terms: alleles, recessive.

Alleles: An alternative form of a gene Recessive: Allele whose expression is masked by dominant allele

504

State a use for Buffer solution in the biology laboratory.

To keep pH constant

505

If all the secondary consumers were removed from an ecosystem (e.g. by disease) suggest what would happen to the primary consumers?

(Their number would) increase

506

Where does the second stage of respiration take place?

Mitochondria

507

Name a process by which soluble foods are absorbed into the blood from the small intestine.

Diffusion (passive transport)

508

To which kingdom do yeasts belong?

Fungus

509

On a diagram of the female reproductive system indicate where the following occur: 1. Meiosis, 2. Fertilisation, 3. Implantation.

1. Meiosis: In the ovary 2. Fertilisation: ½ way along the Fallopian tube 3. Implantation: In the endometrium

510

State a use for the Biuret test in the biology laboratory.

To detect presence of protein

511

State a function of mitosis in a multicellular organism.

Growth

512

What is meant by a trophic level?

feeding (level)

513

Suggest why cross-pollination is preferable to self-pollination.

Cross pollination increases variation or reduces chance of genetic problems

514

Suggest one way in which the rate of photosynthesis of plants in a greenhouse could be increased.

Increased (artificial) lighting/ increased carbon dioxide / heating

515

True or false. Endocrine glands secrete hormones

True

516

In the course of your practical studies you used a solution of iodine in different investigations. State two different uses of the iodine solution.

Starch detection (or use of) Examining cells (or described)

517

Explain each of the following terms in relation to DNA: 1. replication, 2. transcription.

1. The process of duplication of the DNA during mitosis and meiosis. 2. The process of producing mRNA using DNA as a template.

518

Give an account of the role of either oestrogen or progesterone in the menstrual cycle.

Oestrogen: repairs endometrium / inhibits FSH / stimulates LH Progesterone: thickening (or maintenance of) endometrium / inhibits FSH / inhibits LH production

519

Name an ecosystem you have studied and construct a simple food chain from that ecosystem.

Name of ecosystem Food chain: Must have at least three members and must match named ecosystem.

520

State one advantage of using an immobilised enzyme in a bioreactor.

(Enzyme) - can be recovered

521

Give an example of a surgical method of male contraception. Suggest an advantage and a disadvantage of the method that you have named.

Vasectomy: Advantage: Permanently effective, No need for other contraception, Does not interfere with desire, spontaneity or enjoyment, Simple operation, Avoids side effects of hormonal contraception Disadvantage: cannot be undone, Does not give protection against STDs or HIV, Medical complications

522

State two different uses of a water bath in biological investigations.

Keep temperature constant (or example) / to vary temperature (or example) / denaturing enzyme / heating

523

Explain how water enters the plant at the root hair.

Osmosis

524

How is xylem adapted for its role in water transport?

Tubular or continuous lumen / reinforced (lignified) walls / end to end / pits / lateral movement of water / wetable lining / narrow (bore)

525

What is an auxin?

a (growth) regulator in plants

526

Explain what is meant by an ecosystem.

Organisms / interacting / in their environment

527

Name a human female menstrual disorder. In the case of this disorder give: 1. A possible cause, 2. A method of treatment.

Fibroids Cause: associated with the levels of oestrogen Treatment: Surgery Endometriosis Cause: hormone imbalance or a weakness in the immune system Treatment: Contraceptive pill, Surgery

528

In the course of your practical studies you found that heart rate and breathing rate increase with exercise. Explain why this is the case.

More energy (required) / more oxygen (required) / more CO2 (produced)

529

The pancreas is both an exocrine gland and an endocrine gland. Explain the underlined terms.

Exocrine: A gland which has a duct [to deliver its secretions] Endocrine: A ductless gland [which relies on the bloodstream to deliver its secretions]

530

Write a balanced equation to summarise aerobic respiration.

C6H12O6 + 6O2 à E + 6CO2 + 6H2O

531

Why does fermentation eventually cease?

Excess alcohol kills yeast. Yeast run out of food

532

State two applications of genetic engineering, one involving a micro-organism and one involving a plant.

M/O: Production of human insulin Plant: Production of Golden Rice – possible solution to Vitamin A deficiency

533

Explain what is meant by a habitat.

The place where an organism lives

534

In the course of your practical work you prepared a transverse section (T.S.) of a dicot stem for microscopic examination. How did you prepare the T.S.?

Cutting: Cut thin (section) or (cut) away (from self) or with scalpel (or blade or microtome) Mounting:               placed onto slide with water or how cover slip applied

535

Comment briefly on the difficulty in classifying viruses as living organisms.

Non-cellular / one nucleic acid / can reproduce in host cell only or obligate parasite / do not possess organelles or named organelle

536

Give an account of the importance of the placenta during human development in the womb.

Transport in (or out) / example of barrier / produces progesterone

537

What is the final product of the first stage of respiration under aerobic conditions?

Pyruvic acid (pyruvate)

538

What type of food is mainly absorbed into the lacteal?

Fatty acids and glycerol

539

Give a brief account of the role of testosterone.

Development of secondary sexual characteristics or example named / development of sex organs /sperm production

540

In relation to the scientific method, explain each of the following: 1.       Experiment, 2.       Theory

1.        Test of hypothesis or test of prediction 2.         Hypothesis (or explained) supported (by experiment)

541

Explain what is meant by a niche.

The (functional) role (of an organism) or ‘occupation’ (of an organism)

542

Other than being prokaryotic, state two ways in which a typical bacterial cell differs from a typical human cell (e.g. cell from cheek lining).

Cell wall, size, capsule, flagellum, plasmid

543

State one way in which mitosis differs from meiosis.

No reduction in chromosomes/ no homologous pairing during process/ resulting nuclei identical/ two cells

544

From what tissues is the placenta formed?

Uterine and embryonic

545

True or false. Tendons join muscles to bones.

True

546

Scientists investigated the effect of a certain mineral on the growth of wheat. Suggest a reason why the seeds used were all taken from one parent plant.

To minimise (genetic) variation

547

What are antibiotics?

Substances produced by micro-organisms / inhibit (growth or reproduction) of bacteria or fungi

548

Name a powerful type of microscope that is used to show what cells are made of in much greater detail (cell ultrastructure).

Electron microscope

549

Describe three methods used by plants to protect themselves from adverse external environments.

Thorns/ modified leaves e.g. pine needles /stinging (cells)/deep roots / heat shock proteins/ phytoalexins e.g. production of antimicrobial chemicals / use of seeds / leaf fall / perennating organs or examples /dormancy / succulent tissues / toxins / other

550

Saprophytic and parasitic fungi are widespread in nature. Explain each of the underlined terms.

saprophytic – live on dead organisms (matter) parasitic – living in or on another organism causing harm.

551

Explain the following terms that are used in ecology: Biosphere; Habitat; Consumer; Producer; Niche.

Biosphere: The part of the planet where life occurs Habitat: The place where an organism lives Consumer: An organism which feeds on another organism Producer:  An organism which makes its own food Niche: The functional role of an organism (in an ecosystem)

552

Scientists investigated the effect of a certain mineral on the growth of wheat. The compost in which the wheat plants were grown was sterilised at the start of the investigation. 1.       Suggest a way in which the scientists may have sterilised the compost. State one reason why it was important to sterilise the compost.

1.        Heat (or method of heating) or named chemical or irradiation (or named) 2.        To kill organisms or to prevent contamination or to eliminate competition  or to eliminate disease or described

553

Outline how birth occurs.

Change in hormone levels (or correctly described) / contractions / waters break / cervix dilates / delivery / cord cut / afterbirth

554

What is meant by cross-pollination?

Transfer of pollen from one flower to another flower on a different plant of the same species

555

In biology, what is meant by the term organ?

A group of tissues (working together)

556

Strong forces of attraction exist between water molecules. Give an account of the importance of these forces in raising water to great height in trees.

(called) cohesion / water evaporates in leaf or transpiration / is replaced / upward pull or tension /continuous stream / ensures movement / water column hard to break

557

Where are sperm produced?

Testis

558

Scientists investigated the effect of a certain mineral on the growth of wheat. Why did they divide the young wheat plants into two equal groups?

As control (or described)

559

By what process do minerals enter a plant?

Active transport

560

What is meant by genetic screening?

Testing (people) for the presence of a (specific) gene

561

What is meant by in-vitro fertilisation?

Sperm and egg fuse outside the body

562

Explain what is meant by the term pH.

(A measure of) how acidic or alkaline a solution is

563

Name two types of lymphocyte and state a role of each when viruses or other microorganisms enter the blood.

B-cells/ T-cells or two named T cells e.g. helper / killer / suppressor / memory B-cells – produce antibodies/agglutination or lysis / memory T-cells – recognise / destroy infected or damaged cells / memory / activation / suppress immune system Helper T – stimulate B cells or stimulate killer T cells/ recognise antigens / Killer T – Destroy infected or damaged cells / Suppressor T – Switch off immune system or explained / Memory T – memorise antigen

564

Scientists investigated the effect of a certain mineral on the growth of wheat. During the investigation they kept the two groups of plants under identical conditions. Why was this?

To have only one variable (or explained)

565

List three methods of contraception other than surgical. In your answer you may refer to either or both sexes.

Condon (male & female), Pill, Spermicide, Diaphragm, IUD, Implants, Rhythm, Coitus interuptus

566

How many cells are formed when a cell divides by mitosis?

Two

567

When lactic acid builds up in the blood, a person is said to be in oxygen debt. This debt must eventually be paid. Suggest how the debt is paid.

When exercise is complete the consumption of oxygen remains above normal until the debt has been repaid. This is why one continues to pant after exercise.

568

To which kingdom does Amoeba belong?

Protista / Protoctista

569

What is an enzyme?

A (biological) catalyst

570

Scientists investigated the effect of a certain mineral on the growth of wheat. Name two conditions you think the scientists would have kept constant during the investigation.

Temperature / Light / pH / CO2 / humidity / other minerals / H2O

571

After implantation, the embryo first develops into a morula and then into a blastocyst. Explain the terms in italics.

Morula: (Solid) ball of cells Blastocyst: Fluid-filled (or hollow) ball of cells

572

Describe how some bacteria respond in order to survive when environmental conditions become unfavourable.

Produce (endo)spores

573

When the normal control of mitosis in a cell is lost, cancer may result. Suggest two possible causes of cancer.

Carcinogen /mutation / mutagen / example 1 / example 2 / radiation or named / virus

574

Give two examples of uses of synthetic (man-made) auxins.

Rooting powder / tissue culturing / weed killer / ripening of fruit / seedless fruits / other

575

True or false. The sino-atrial node (pacemaker) is located on the right side of the heart.

True

576

Scientists investigated the effect of a certain mineral on the growth of wheat. Why did they repeat the investigation several times before publishing their results in a scientific journal?

To ensure (statistical) reliability

577

What is meant by DNA profiling?

Analysing/examining a person’s DNA (to compare patterns with others) or getting or providing patterns or bands

578

Name two diseases of humans caused by viruses.

Cold / ‘flu / polio / rabies / mumps / rubella / measles / AIDS (HIV)

579

To which kingdom does Rhizopus belong?

Fungi

580

What is osmosis?

The movement of water molecules from a region of high (water) concentration to a region of low (water) concentration across a S.P.M  or The movement of water molecules along a concentration gradient across a S.P.M.

581

What is an enzyme?

Biological catalyst

582

Cellular respiration may occur in one stage or two stages. Give two differences, other than location, between Stage 1 and Stage 2.

Stage 1 does not require O2 or is anaerobic / produces a small amount of energy (or ATP)

583

State two ways in which sperm differ from ova (eggs).

Size comment / shape or structural comment / motile (only if ‘tail or ‘flagellum’’ not given)/ chromosomal difference / does not (usually) contribute mitochondrial DNA to zygote

584

Where in plant cells is DNA found?

Nucleus or chloroplasts or mitochondria

585

What is meant by the germination of a seed?

Is the beginning of the growth after a period of dormancy

586

Parents who are suspected of being carriers of disease-causing alleles may be advised to consider a genetic test. Suggest a role for such a test after in-vitro fertilisation.

Selection of embryo or any valid role

587

Which term describes the mode of nutrition of Rhizopus?

Saprophytic

588

Where in a cell does Stage 1 of respiration occur?

Cytoplasm or cytosol

589

What is an ecosystem?

A community of living organisms interacting with one another and their environment

590

Where in the cells of a leaf is chlorophyll found?

In the chloroplasts

591

The cells in the palisade layer contain many organelles that carry out photosynthesis. Suggest why the cells here contain more of these organelles than the cells in the spongy mesophyll.

Usually closer to the light

592

Describe a human activity that may result in pollution. Suggest a way in which this pollution could be prevented.

Activity: Littering Prevention: Reuse, Recycle

593

True or false. A nucleus is absent from human red blood cells.

True

594

What term is used to describe respiration in which only Stage 1 occurs?

Anaerobic or fermentation

595

Name a product of the endocrine portion of the pancreas and state one of its functions.

Insulin or glucagon Regulates blood sugar (level)

596

Give two characteristic features of eukaryotic cells. What corresponding term is used to describe bacterial cells?

Nucleus, Membrane-bound organelles or other named organelle Prokaryotic

597

Give one example of a beneficial fungus and one example of a harmful fungus.

Beneficial – yeast for brewing or baking / named edible fungus/ other Harmful – ringworm / athlete’s foot / potato blight / thrush / dry rot / death cap / other

598

In the spongy mesophyll, gases can diffuse throughout the leaf.   Name one such gas.

Air or water (vapour) or O2 or CO2 or N2 or chemicals in or out

599

Suggest a possible effect on a human population that may result from an increased availability of contraception.

Decrease (no increase) in population / demographic imbalance/ improved social conditions /comment on STIs / health issues

600

Name a chemical end product of anaerobic respiration or fermentation.

Ethanol or lactic acid or CO2

601

Light energy trapped by chlorophyll is used to split water. List three products that result when water is split.

Hydrogen (proton) /oxygen/ electron or energy or ATP

602

What is meant when a bacterium is described as being pathogenic?

Disease-causing

603

Suggest one reason why living organisms need to respire.

To provide energy or named metabolic activity

604

What is meant by vegetative propagation?

Production of new plant from root or from stem or from leaf or plant asexual reproduction (or described)

605

State one function of the stoma.

To allow gas exchange or Transpiration or Temperature control

606

In Stage 2 of respiration electrons pass along an electron transport chain, releasing energy. 1.       In what molecule is this energy stored in the cell? 2.       To what are these electrons transferred at the end of the electron transport chain?

1.        ATP 2.        Oxygen or H+ (or protons)

607

The bronchioles end in small sacs. What is the name of these sacs?

Alveoli

608

Name the muscles that are used in breathing.

Intercostal muscles (between the ribs)

609

Name a gland that secretes seminal fluid.

Cowper’s gland / seminal vesicle / prostate gland

610

Name the four bases that are found in DNA.

Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, Cytosine

611

What is evolution?

The way organisms change genetically from pre-existing forms to produce new species over long periods of time

612

What is meant by the term digestion?

The breakdown of food

613

Name the cells which are responsible for controlling the size of the stomata.

Guard cells

614

Horticulturists use a number of methods to artificially propagate plants. Suggest one advantage of artificial propagation.

Fast or preserves desirable features or cheap or more reliable

615

Name two methods of cross-pollination.

Wind, Insect

616

What is meant by a triplet code?

three bases code for one amino acid

617

State a function for each of the following structures that are found in fungi; rhizoid, sporangium, gametangium, zygospore.

Rhizoid – anchors / digestion / absorption Sporangium – produces spores / stores spores / asexual reproduction Gametangium – produces gametes / sexual reproduction Zygospore – survival / dispersal

618

Why is digestion necessary?

For solubility or for absorption or for transport

619

What is a selectively permeable (semi-permeable) membrane?

Allows some molecules through / Visking tubing / cell membrane

620

What is the function of the Eustachian tube?

To equalise pressure (on the eardrum) or air in or air out or Protection

621

To which kingdom do bacteria belong?

Monera (Prokaryotae)

622

Describe two methods used by horticulturists to artificially propagate plants.

Cuttings (or described) / layering (or described) / grafting (or described) / micro propagation (or described)

623

For what purpose do single-celled organisms use mitosis?

Reproduction

624

Distinguish between mechanical and chemical digestion by writing a sentence about each.

Mechanical: physical or grinding or cutting or churning or chewing or emulsifying Chemical: (action of) enzyme or named enzyme or (action of) acid or named acid

625

Some of the carbohydrates produced in photosynthesis are used in respiration. What is respiration?

The controlled release of energy from food (carbohydrate) / oxidation of food

626

Name a disorder other than cancer for each of the following and indicate a possible cause and a means of treatment: 1. Musculoskeletal system, 2. Nervous system.

1.Name Arthritis / osteoporosis Cause Arthritis – injury / hormonal imbalance / genetic /immune response Osteoporosis- hormonal imbalance / lack of exercise / genetic / dietary /menopause Treatment arthritis – anti-inflammatory drugs/ analgesics/ rest / exercise/ replacement of joint / steroids or named/ immuno-suppressants osteoporosis: HRT / exercise / diet / dietary supplements or named

2. Name Paralysis/Parkinson’s disease/ Cause Injury / genetic / disease / lack of dopamine Treatment Physiotherapy / dopamine or drugs to promote neurotransmitter production / stem cell / implant

627

What is connected to the middle ear by the Eustachian tube?

Throat or Pharynx

628

What is meant by pollution?

The harmful addition to the environment (by humans) that leaves it less able to sustain life

629

State a function of seminal fluid.

Allows sperm to swim / provides nutrients / lubricant / protects sperm

630

From which part of the alimentary canal does food arrive into the duodenum?

Stomach

631

Give two differences between vegetative propagation and propagation involving seeds.

No gametes (or one parent) / identical plants or example / rapid production / no outside agent

632

What do you understand by the term conservation?

The wise management of the environment or organisms

633

True or false. Light is essential for the germination of seeds.

False

634

What is the function of the cochlea?

Hearing

635

Carbon dioxide is essential for photosynthesis. Where does it enter the leaf?

stoma / guard cells

636

State one digestive function of the pancreas.

(Produces) enzymes or named enzyme or neutralises (chyme)

637

What is the function of the larynx?

Produce sounds

638

State one reason why water is needed for germination.

chemical (enzyme) reactions / dissolve stored food / swell testa / a condition of germination / hydrate cells / activate enzymes

639

Seeds and fruits need to be dispersed. Give:1. Two methods of dispersal, 2. Two advantages of dispersal to the plant.

1. Wind / animal / self (or mechanical) / water 2. Colonisation / reduces competition / elaboration of competition

640

The triplet code is transcribed into mRNA. What does this statement mean?

information (code) is copied to RNA molecule

641

The genetic makeup of an individual is called its ...

Genotype

642

What is an endotherm?

(An animal that) produces its (or own or body) heat or (body) temperature independent of  (temperature of) environment

643

Name one of the scientists who developed the Theory of Natural Selection.

Charles Darwin Alfred Russell Wallace

644

To what structure does the ureter connect the kidney?

Bladder

645

What is aerobic respiration?

The release of energy from carbohydrate without using oxygen

646

Name an excretory substance present in urine.

urea /water /salt

647

Give the functions of the lens and the vitreous humour of the eye.

Lens: To focus (light) onto the retina Vitreous humour: Gives shape (to eye)

648

What word is used to describe animals which are not endotherms?

Ectotherms

649

A sex cell is also known as a ...

Gamete

650

Valves are present in veins. What is their function?

Prevent backflow of blood

651

Name two vascular tissues in plants and give one way in which they differ.

xylem/phloem Xylem - lignified/ transports water/ vessels/ tracheids / dead Phloem – transports food/ sieve tubes/ companion cells / living

652

Breathing causes pressure changes in the thoracic cavity. Describe briefly how these pressure changes are brought about.

diaphragm contracts (lowers) / intercostal muscles contract /ribs move up and out / increased volume of thoracic cavity / pressure decreases / intercostals relax / air rushes in / diaphragm relaxes / volume decreases / pressure increases / air pushed out / inhale / exhale

653

State a function of ground tissue.

food storage / storage of waste / photosynthesis / strength / support

654

Suggest an advantage of being an endotherm.

(Temperature always suitable) for good enzyme activity or maintains constant body temperature or activity independent of environmental temperature

655

The wall of capillaries is only one cell thick. How is this related to their function?

substances can diffuse easily / in and out of blood / tissues / less fat content

656

A change in the structure of DNA is called a ...

Mutation

657

1.Suspensory ligaments, 2. Cones, 3. Optic nerve and 4.  Brain. Outline the roles in vision of the above structures.

1. Holds lens in place or (involved in) changing shape of lens 2. (Detects) colour 3. Brings impulses from retina or brings impulse to brain 4. Interprets information (received from retina)

658

What is meant by contraception?

Prevention of fertilisation (conception) or implantation or pregnancy

659

From your knowledge of photosynthesis suggest a way to increase the yield of plants such as lettuces in a greenhouse.

increase day length / artificial light/ increase carbon dioxide level / increase in temperature level

660

Children typically have higher body temperatures than adults. Suggest a reason for this.

High metabolism or growing (or more cell division) or more active or more infections or teething

661

Suggest three reasons for conserving wild animals and plants.

food source / balance of nature / biodiversity / prevention of extinction / health of planet / aesthetic / recreational / O2 / CO2

662

True or false. Lenticels serve the same function as stomata.

True

663

A part of DNA with information to make one protein is called a ...

Gene

664

What is the menstrual cycle?

Monthly cycle in female / menstruation or lining of uterus / (endometrium) shed / blood discharged / F.S.H./ Graffian follicles with eggs / secrete oestrogen / endometrium thickens / L.H. / ovulation / corpus luteum / progesterone / (if no fertilisation then) lining breaks down

665

Explain how the iris works.

(muscular) contraction in response to light intensity or pupil size changes or allows more (or less) light in

666

A situation in which one organism lives on or in a second species, feeding on it and causing it harm is known as …

Parasitism

667

What is vegetative propagation?

Asexual reproduction (in plants) / cloning

668

The trachea contains rings of cartilage. Suggest a function of this cartilage.

Keeps the trachea (air way) open