Biology Revision Questions - with Answers (Part 2)

I had to split the answers into two parts because it would not upload so this is part 2 of the questions with the answers.

This is the list of answers to the short questions in the previous post.

Once again I did not write these questions or answers or design the layout so I cannot take credit for it but I have it so thought it would be useful for others too!

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The following questions are taken from past Leaving Certificate Examination Papers (2004 – 2011). Questions on the same topic have been separated to provide random revision. If questions are repeated it only highlights their greater significance or importance as they have been asked more often over the years.

N.B. These questions do not cover the entire syllabus. Knowing the answers to these questions only is not a guarantee of an excellent result.

669

Name an excretory organ in the human body other than the kidney. Name a substance excreted by this organ.

Skin / lungs / liver Water / carbon dioxide / urea / salt / bile / sweat

670

The allele expressed in the heterozygous condition are ...

Dominant

671

State a function of the rhizoids of Rhizopus.

It supports the fungus and is involved in absorption

672

Organisms capable of making their own food are known as …

Producers

673

How does vegetative propagation differ from reproduction by seed?

One parent / less variation in offspring / no pollination / no sexual reproduction

674

Suggest a reason why two eyes are better than one.

Increased visual field or to judge distance (depth) or 3D vision

675

How does a portal vein differ from other veins?

capillaries at both ends / joins two organs – liver and intestines

676

To which structures in the cell does mRNA carry the code?

Ribosome

677

The study of biological inheritance is known as ...

Genetics

678

All the members of a species living in an area are known as the …

Population

679

True or false. Parallel leaf veins are characteristic of monocotyledonous plants.

True

680

Name a breathing disorder. Give a possible cause of this disorder and suggest a means of prevention or treatment.

Asthma/ allergic response or genetics or smoking or narrowing of bronchioles or infection or anxiety / use of inhaler or avoidance of allergens / exercise . Bronchitis/ infection or narrowing of bronchi/ antibiotics (for bacterial infection) / cancer of the lungs / MS effecting diaphragm

681

Anaerobic respiration by micro-organisms is called fermentation. Give one example of industrial fermentation, including the type of micro-organism and the substance produced.

any example of “industrial fermentation” Bacteria: beer / wine / yoghurt / enzymes / drugs / hormones / antibiotics /methane (biogas) / etc. Fungus / Yeast: carbon dioxide / wine / beer / single cell protein / antibiotics

682

Write notes on the role of lymphocytes.

Immune system (or described) / B lymphocytes / produce antibodies / T lymphocytes / any function of T lymphocyte

683

Filtration is an essential process in the formation of urine. In what part of the kidney does it take place?

cortex / nephron /glomerulus / Bowman’s capsule

684

Micro-organisms and other organisms that return nutrients to the environment by decay are known as …

Decomposers

685

Name a substance found in the vacuole of a plant cell.

Water or sugar or sap or salt(s) or named gases or protein

686

Name the following blood vessels; 1. The vessels that carry blood from the aorta to the kidneys. 2. The vessels that supply the heart’s muscle with blood.

1. Renal artery 2. Coronary artery

687

Give one example of vegetative propagation and state whether it involves a stem, a root, a leaf or a bud.

“Seed” potatoes – stem Runners of strawberries etc. – stem Tuber of Dahlia – root Bulb of onion – stem/leaf/bud New plants from leaf – leaf Artificial examples Cuttings/grafts/layers – stem, bud, stem

688

What term is used to describe the nutrition of Rhizopus? Explain the importance of this type of nutrition in nature.

heterotrophic/ saprophytic / decomposes / recycling

689

In the human diet zinc, iron and copper are examples of …

minerals or trace elements or inorganic nutrients

690

A situation in which two organisms of different species live together and at least one benefits is known as …

Symbiosis

691

Write notes on neurotransmitters.

Secreted by neuron (or vesicle) / presynaptic (neuron) / in response to impulse / chemical transmission / across synaptic cleft / cause impulse in next neuron / destroyed by enzymes / recycled or reabsorbed by pre-synaptic neuron

692

True or False. Glucose is a monosaccharide.

True

693

Why are valves not needed in arteries?

blood is under pressure / blood from heart / blood pumped

694

The walls of xylem vessels are reinforced with …

Lignin

695

Where is the epiglottis? What is its function?

At the top of windpipe / oesophagus To prevent food entering trachea / wrong way / prevent choking

696

A struggle between organisms for a scarce resource is known as …

Competition

697

Where in a cell would you expect to find phospholipids?

Cell membrane

698

Vitamin … is an example of a water-soluble vitamin.

B or C

699

True or False. Nitrogen is a trace element.

False

700

Write notes on homeostasis.

Maintenance of / constant internal environment / example how / example why (Example = pH, solute concentrations or examples of such solutes, temperature, water)

701

Name a disorder associated with a deficiency of a named vitamin in the human diet.

Vitamin C – Scurvy Vitamin D - Rickets

702

One organism killing and eating another organism is known as …

Predation

703

Artificial propagation is widely used in horticulture. Give two examples of artificial propagation.

cutting /grafting /layering /micro-propagation

704

What is Natural Selection?

organisms best suited to environment / have greater chance of breeding / and survive / ’survival of the fittest’

705

To what kingdom does Rhizopus belong?

Fungi

706

True or False. Eggs are a good source of fat in the diet.

True

707

What are the final products of the digestion of a protein?

Amino acids

708

What is the role of mitosis in single-celled organisms?

Reproduction

709

Write notes on the adaptations of wind-pollinated flowers.

Long stamens / long stigmas / feathery stigmas / large numbers of pollen grains / smooth pollen or light pollen / no showy colours or no scent or no nectar or small petals or no petals

710

True or false. Endosperm is a food reserve in some seeds.

True

711

What is the biosphere?

The part of the planet where life occurs

712

What is meant by a qualitative survey?

A survey which indicates if a species is present or not

713

True or False. All vitamins are fat soluble.

False

714

What medical term is used for the group of disorders in which certain cells lose normal control of mitosis?

Cancer

715

Name another organism that you have studied in your biology course that belongs to the same kingdom as Rhizopus.

Yeast

716

Suggest one advantage and one disadvantage of artificial propagation.

Advantage – simple/fast/ same as parent / avoids competition Disadvantage – lack of variation / diseases inherited

717

Write notes on the economic and medical importance of viruses.

Economic importance: Crop damage / example of viral crop disease / animal disease / example of viral animal disease / human medical costs Medical importance: Human diseases / examples of viral human diseases / used in medical research

718

Construct a grazing food chain containing at least four trophic levels.

Buds à Aphids à Ladybirds à thrushes à hawks

719

Name a carbohydrate-digesting enzyme in the human alimentary canal. Where in the alimentary canal does this enzyme act? State the enzyme’s product(s).

amylase – mouth / duodenum / small intestine – maltose Maltase – small intestine – glucose

720

Suggest a possible cause of one of the group of cancers.

Named carcinogen

721

True or False. Lipids are made of amino acids.

False

722

Reabsorption of useful substances takes place in the kidney. In what part does this occur?

cortex / medulla / nephron / convoluted tubule / loop of Henle

723

What is the first stage process of respiration called?

Glycolysis

724

Which has the bigger lumen (cavity), an artery or a vein?

Vein

725

Name the chemical elements present in carbohydrates.

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen

726

Name the stage of mitosis in which the chromosomes are located at the equator of the cell and before they begin to separate.

Metaphase

727

State the precise location of the liver in the human body.

On right hand side of body below the diaphragm and beside/over the stomach

728

True or False. Iodine turns starch to a blue-black colour.

True

729

Distinguish between tuber and bulb.

Tuber = A swollen end of an underground stem or root Bulb = modified bud, swollen, underground, overlapping fleshy leaves and reduced stem

730

State a use of the following in the biology laboratory. Biuret test (copper sulphate and sodium hydroxide solutions).

Test for the presence of protein

731

State a function of each of the following components of a cell. (i) Ribosome, (ii) Cell membrane.

Ribosome: protein synthesis Cell membrane: Retains cell contents. Controls entry and exit of substances.

732

To what are the chromosomes attached in the metaphase stage of mitosis?

Spindle

733

What is meant by the term ‘fauna’?

The animals in a locality or region

734

Which two elements always occur in a 2:1 ratio in carbohydrates?

Hydrogen:Oxygen

735

True or False. Cellulose is a protein.

False

736

Explain what is meant by pollution.

The harmful addition to the environment (by humans) that leaves it less able to sustain life

737

Distinguish between ureters and urethra.

ureter: duct that brings urine from the kidney to the bladder. urethra: duct which delivers urine from the bladder to the outside.

738

Towards the end of mitosis, in what type of cell does a cell plate form?

Plant (cell) or named example

739

What is the primary role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?

Traps or uses sunlight

740

Name the stain that you used when examining an animal cell under the microscope.

Iodine

741

What term best describes the shape of an enzyme?

Folded

742

True or False. Polysaccharide molecules contain many sugar units.

True

743

Name a structural carbohydrate.

Cellulose, Chitin

744

Give one way in which mitosis differs from meiosis.

Two (daughter) cells or identical (daughter) cells or (daughter cells) same chromosome number (as mother cell) or can occur in haploid cells

745

Explain the following terms as used in genetics: species, variation.

Species: Organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring Variation: Difference between members of species or population

746

In ecological studies what is a key?

a guide to identification

747

Give an account of the effects of a named pollutant of domestic, agricultural or industrial origin. Describe one way in which it might be controlled.

Litter – reuse, recycle

748

State a role that the liver plays in the digestive process.

Produces bile – stored in gall bladder – secreted into pancreatic duct – emulsifies fats into fat droplets

749

Name one group of organisms responsible for decomposition.

e.g. bacteria or fungi or microorganisms or earthworms or insects e.g. bacteria or fungi or microorganisms or earthworms or insects

750

Which food type may be identified in the laboratory by the use of Sudan III or brown paper?

Fat (or oil or lipid)

751

Suggest a temperature at which human enzymes work best.

37°C

752

Give a function of carbohydrates other than a structural one.

Metabolic – source of energy (glucose), energy storage (starch, glycogen)

753

Name the scientists who are associated with the Theory of Natural Selection and refer to any one observation that prompted its development.

Darwin and Wallace 1.        Individual members of a species are different from one another. 2.        Offspring resemble their parents (variation is inheritable). 3.        More offspring are produced than can survive and reproduce. 4.        There is a struggle for existence and some individuals have variations that make them better suited to survival than others.

754

In the case of IAA state the following: 1. An investigation in which you used it, 2. The precise purpose for its use in the investigation that you have indicated.

1. investigate effect on plant growth 2. to determine its effect on growth

755

State a precise location in the human body where red blood cells are made.

Made in bone marrow of long bones, e.g. ribs, sternum.

756

Give one role for a named mineral in plants.

Role matching named mineral

757

What is semen?

Sperm (cells) and (seminal) fluid

758

Why are elements recycled in nature?

Limited supply or words to that affect or reused

759

Write an equation to summarize photosynthesis.

light energy 6CO2 + 6H2O à C6H12O6 + 6O2                                           chlorophyll

760

Explain the terms: plasma; glomerular filtrate.

Plasma: clear liquid portion of the blood Glomerular filtrate: liquid containing dissolved substances that pass from the glomerulus, in the nephron of the kidney, into Bowman’s capsule. Similar to blood plasma but without the proteins.

761

Name a chemical element always present in proteins but not in carbohydrates.

Nitrogen

762

What colour indicates a strong positive result of the Fehling’s or Benedict’s test for reducing sugar?

Orange or red

763

In the first stage of respiration there is a release of ATP as glucose is converted to another substance. Name this other substance.

Pyruvic acid

764

Give an account of three functions of the lymphatic system.

transport / defence / fluid collection / (transport) of fats / (transport) of hormones / (transport) of excretory matter / nodes filter / bacteria or pathogens / produce lymphocytes or antibodies / returns fluid to blood / absorbs fat / at lacteals

765

Name the part at which each of the following occurs: 1. Production of sperm cells. 2. Maturing of sperm cells. 3. Mixing of fluid with sperm cells. 4. Transport of semen.

1.        Testis 2.        Epididymis 3.        Sperm duct or prostate gland [allow seminal vesicles] 4.        Urethra or sperm duct

766

Distinguish between hypha and mycelium.

hypha: a filament mycelium: a mass of hyphae

767

State two ways in which red blood cells differ from typical body cells e.g. from the cheek lining.

no nucleus / haemoglobin / shape comment / size comment / no mitochondria / carries oxygen or CO2

768

Give a role of lipids in cells.

Component of membranes (or of named membrane) or storage or energy or solvent or reference to steroid or (formation of ) phospholipid (or lipoprotein)

769

State a use of the following in the biology laboratory. Benedict’s (or Fehling’s) test.

To test for the presence of reducing sugar

770

What is meant by natural selection?

Survival of the fittest, e.g. best (adapted) survive

771

State a role for each of the following: sepal, anther, stigma, ovary.

sepal: protection / photosynthesis anther: pollen - production or storage or release stigma: receives pollen ovary: produces or contains ovule or embryo sac or  female gametes/ becomes fruit / site of fertilisation

772

State two secondary sexual characteristics of the human male.

Broken voice (or enlarged larynx) / body hair / more muscle / more bone enlargement of testes / enlargement of penis

773

In respiration the acetyl group enters a cycle of reactions. What name is given to this cycle? Where in the cell does this cycle take place?

Kreb’s Cycle Mitochondria

774

Give a role of water in the human body other than as a component of cytoplasm and body fluids.

Solvent (or example of solvent) or reaction medium or transport or reactant (or example of reaction) or reference to temperature maintenance or reference to temperature regulation or lubrication qualified  or protection qualified

775

The two male gametes in the pollen tube are derived from the generative nucleus. Do these gametes form as a result of mitosis or meiosis? Explain your answer.

mitosis from haploid (generative nucleus) or chromosome  number retained or two (daughter cells) produced

776

What is a neuron?

A nerve cell

777

Why is the dark stage of photosynthesis given the alternative name of the light-independent stage?

Light is not necessary for this stage

778

Name a scientist who is associated with the Theory of Natural Selection.

Darwin or Wallace

779

What maintains the secondary sexual characteristics in the adult human male?

Testosterone

780

How many common amino acids are found in proteins?

20 (common amino acids)

781

Outline the problems associated with the disposal of waste. Suggest two ways of minimising waste.

problems – may be toxic / non-biodegradable / pollute groundwater / no land-fill available / costly / incineration (causes toxins) / valid example minimising – reduce or example(s) or recycle or example(s) or re-use or example(s

782

Explain why red blood cells are normally absent from glomerular filtrate.

too big (to pass into Bowman’s capsule)

783

In the case of starch or skimmed milk agar plates state the following: 1. An investigation in which you used it, 2. The precise purpose for its use in the investigation that you have indicated.

1. digestive or other enzyme activity 2. supplies substrate or explained

784

Describe the difference in colour or depth of colour, if any, between the nucleus and cytoplasm when the stained cell was viewed under the microscope.

Cytoplasm paler or nucleus darker or nucleus blue

785

Distinguish between pollination and fertilization.

Pollination: Transfer (of pollen) from the anther to the stigma Fertilisation: The fusion (union) of a male gamete and female gamete [or two haploid gametes] to form a diploid zygote.

786

State two harmful effects of viruses.

Two harmful effects (Any two viral diseases)

787

In relation to membranes in cells, explain what is meant by selective permeability

Allowing some substances to pass through

788

Variation is essential for natural selection. Mutation can give rise to variation. Give two causes of mutation.

Radiation, Chemicals, Chance

789

To what is pyruvic acid (pyruvate) converted under anaerobic conditions in: 1. Yeast? 2. A human muscle cell?

1. Ethanol + Carbon dioxide 2. Lactic acid

790

Distinguish between sensory, motor and interneurons (association neurons).

sensory: towards CNS or named part or from receptor or structural feature motor: away from CNS or named part or to effector or structural feature inter: links two neurons

791

Name a disorder of the musculoskeletal system. Give a possible cause of the disorder that you have named and suggest a treatment for it.

Disorder: osteoporosis or arthritis Cause: genetic / hormonal / dietary / injury or wear and tear Treatment: anti-inflamatory drugs / hormonal or named / dietary supplements / pain killers / muscle relaxants / physiotherapy / exercise

792

What is meant by the term immunity?

Defence against disease

793

Distinguish between photosynthetic and chemosynthetic bacteria. Give an example of each type.

Photosynthetic: using light to make food or obtain energy Chemosynthetic: Make food or obtain energy using a chemical reaction Example 1: role or implied role e.g. volcanic pools Example 2: role or implied role e.g. in soil

794

Give two locations in a cell at which there is a selectively permeable membrane.

Chloroplast / mitochondrion / nucleus / vacuole [allow cell membrane]

795

Distinguish between thigmotropism and chemotropism.

thigmotropism: a growth response to touch chemotropism: a growth response to substances or chemicals

796

Give one source of evidence for the occurrence of evolution.

Fossils / Anatomy / Embryos / Genetics

797

State a function of: 1. Schwann cells, 2. Myelin sheath.

Schwann cell: produces myelin (sheath) Myelin sheath: insulation or protection or speeds impulse

798

The skin is an important part of our immune system. Outline two ways in which the skin provides immunity.

Barrier / sweat / scabs

799

The concentration of glucose is the same in plasma and glomerular filtrate. Why is this?

glucose) small or passes through

800

In the case of cold alcohol (ethanol) state the following: 1. An investigation in which you used it, 2. The precise purpose for its use in the investigation that you have indicated.

1. isolation of DNA 2. to separate DNA

801

What is diffusion? In the case of a named molecule, give a precise location at which it diffuses in the human body.

Movement of molecules (or substances) / from area of high concentration to area of low concentration (or along a concentration gradient) Named molecule and location

802

State one method that is used to produce seedless fruits.

growth regulator / selective propagation

803

Under aerobic conditions pyruvic acid (pyruvate) is converted to an acetyl group and in the process a small molecule is released. Name this small molecule.

Carbon dioxide

804

To help the immune system, many people receive vaccinations during their lifetime. What is meant by the term vaccination?

‘Safe dose’ of a pathogen / causing antibody production or causing an immune response

805

True or False. The cells produced by mitosis are identical.

True

806

In relation to Parkinson’s disease or paralysis give: 1. A possible cause, 2. A method of treatment.

Cause: injury / genetic / disease / lack of dopamine Treatment: physiotherapy / stem cell / dopamine or drugs qualified

807

State a function of dermal tissue.

Protection

808

Explain the biological basis for the use of high sugar or high salt concentrations in the preservation of food.

Bacteria / lose water / by osmosis / inactivity or death

809

Name a gas that is essential for the dark stage of photosynthesis.

Carbon dioxide

810

Antibiotics are usually not given to a person suffering from a viral infection. Suggest a reason for this.

Antibiotics have no effect on viruses

811

Briefly explain the role of neurotransmitter substances.

Carries impulse / across synaptic cleft / triggers impulse in next neuron

812

State one way in which a transverse section through a monocotyledonous stem differs from a dicotyledonous stem.

Vascular bundles scattered

813

True or False. Meiosis gives rise to variation.

True

814

Name two forms of heterotrophic nutrition found in bacteria.

Parasitic / saprophytic

815

What is an enzyme?

Biological (or protein) catalyst (or explained)

816

State two functions of a root.

Absorb water/ absorb minerals / anchorage / food store / reproduction (qualfied)

817

Why is glucose normally absent from urine?

Reabsorbed (a high threshold substance)

818

Distinguish between antigen and antibody.

Antigen: causes antibody production. Antibody: a substance  produced by the lymphocytes in response to a specific invading antigen

819

What are antibiotics? For what purpose are they used?

Substances produced by micro-organisms / inhibit (growth or reproduction) of bacteria or fungi

820

Write notes on menstruation and a disorder of menstruation.

menstruation: shedding of endometrium / in absence of fertilisation or low level of progesterone disorder: Endometriosis or fibroids / comment

821

True or False. Mitosis always produces four new cells.

False

822

From what part of a seed does the root develop?

Radicles (allow embryo)

823

What is meant by the specificity of an enzyme?

(Enzyme) acts on only a particular substrate

824

An organism which makes its own food is called a(n) …

Autotroph

825

Name two features of a plant cell which are not normally associated with an animal cell.

Cell wall, chloroplast, vacuole

826

In the case of alkaline pyrogallol or an anaerobic jar state: 1. An investigation in which you used it, 2. The precise purpose for its use in the investigation that you have indicated.

1. to investigate conditions for germination 2. to remove oxygen

827

Name the four elements that are always present in protein.

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen

828

Give one example of a root modified for food storage.

Carrot / turnip / parsnip / root tuber / etc.

829

Two products of the light stage of photosynthesis are vital for the dark stage. Name each of them.

ATP, Hydrogen ions (Protons)

830

Explain how the Active Site Theory may be used to explain the specificity of enzymes.

Substrate / matching enzyme’s active site / active site changes shape / (formation of) enzyme-substrate complex / product(s) formed

831

True or False. Meiosis is never involved in gamete formation.

False

832

What is the point of entry of carbon dioxide to a leaf?

Stomata

833

Name the structures in plant cells in which photosynthesis takes place.

Chloroplasts

834

Plants can be monocotyledonous or dicotyledonous. Give any one difference between a monocotyledonous plant and a dicotyledonous plant.

One cotyledon vs two cotyledons Parallel venation vs reticulate venation/ Flower parts in multiples of 3 vs flower parts in multiples of 4 /5. Scattered vs ring of vascular bundles in stems Fibrous roots vs tap roots

835

Explain what is meant by antibiotic resistance and suggest how it may develop.

resistance: bacteria or fungi not killed by or inhibited by or immune to (antibiotic) how develops: natural selection has occurred or surviving strains multiply or misuse comment or plasmid transfer

836

Following a period of heavy exercise an athlete may produce only a small volume of concentrated urine. Explain this observation.

Sweating or water loss or dehydration / blood volume drops or concentration increases /detected by receptors / brain alerted / ADH secreted / from pituitary / (stimulates) reabsorption of water/ in distal tubule or collecting duct

837

Bioprocessing often involves the use of immobilised enzymes in a bioreactor. 1. What does the term immobilisation refer to when used about enzymes? 2. Explain the term bioreactor.

Immobilisation: attached to an inert substance (or example of inert substance) or fixed to each other Bioreactor: vessel in which products are made by cells (or organisms)

838

Write notes on biological benefits of breastfeeding.

Antibodies or immunity / less danger of infection/ uterus contracts / may reduce risk of breast cancer / bonding / correct nutrients or easier to digest / suitable temperature / delayed ovulation

839

True or False. Single-celled organisms use mitosis for reproduction.

True

840

Give one example of a monocotyledonous plant and one example of a dicotyledonous plant.

Example Monocot / Example dicot

841

To what group of biomolecules do the main products of the dark stage belong?

Carbohydrates

842

An organism that eats another organism is called a …

Consumer or heterotroph

843

What is usually found in the cytoplasm of a plant cell?

Cytosol and Organelles

844

Give one example of the use of immobilised enzymes in bioreactors. In your answer name the enzyme, the substrate and the product.

Enzyme / Substrate (must match enzyme) / Product (must match enzyme or substrate)

845

Write notes on formation and functions of the placenta.

formation: (placenta) formed from embryonic and uterine tissues functions: connected to embryo by umbilical cord / (placenta) produces hormones /example of transfer / example of a barrier

846

Give two ways by which pollen is transferred from one flower to another.

Wind / insects / birds

847

In addition to carbon dioxide another small molecule is needed for photosynthesis. Name this other molecule.

Water

848

Name the liquid part of blood.

Plasma

849

Water is essential for photosynthesis. Briefly outline how water from the soil reaches the leaf.

concentration gradient / root hair / osmosis / cell to cell / root pressure / xylem / cohesion or explained / adhesion or capillarity or explained / Dixon and Joly / transpiration or evaporation [accept water loss]  / tension

850

In which part of the human female reproductive system is the ovum (egg) formed?

Ovary

851

Suggest a biological explanation for the following: As long as a baby feeds regularly from its mother’s breast (or if a breast pump is regularly used) the milk will continue to flow.

(Sucking or pumping) stimulates (pituitary) / production of hormone (or correctly named hormone) / promotes milk flow

852

After fertilisation, what part of the flower becomes the fruit?

Ovary

853

Name a test or the solution(s) that is (are) used to detect protein in a food source.

Biuret test Copper sulphate & Sodium hydroxide

854

What type of asexual reproduction is shown in yeast?

Budding

855

The place where an organism lives is called its …

Habitat

856

Give two components of plasma

Composed of 90% water and dissolved substances, e.g. products of digestion waste products, hormones, plasma proteins, antibodies, enzymes, salts.

857

Name the chamber of the heart that receives blood back from the lungs.

Left Auricle (atrium)

858

Many seedless fruits, e.g. grapes, are available in shops today. State one way of forming seedless fruits.

Genetic engineering / growth regulators / hormones / selective breeding

859

Suggest a biological explanation for the following: Doctors are reluctant to prescribe antibiotics to patients suffering from common cold-like symptoms.

Common cold is a viral disease / antibiotics do not affect viruses / (overuse of antibiotics) may lead to antibiotic resistance in bacteria (in patients)

860

Name a carbohydrate found in the cell wall of plant cells.

Cellulose

861

What is meant in ecology by a quantitative survey?

A survey which records or estimates the numbers of a species (in a particular ecosystem).

862

Give one location in a seed in which food is stored. Name a carbohydrate that you would expect to be present in this food store.

Cotyledon / Endosperm Starch

863

What is a pyramid of numbers?

The numbers of organisms at each trophic level

864

Sometimes artificial methods are used to propagate (reproduce) plants. Name any two methods of artificially propagating plants.

Grafting/cutting/layering...

865

Give the term used for the growth response towards light.

Phototropism

866

Suggest a biological explanation for the following: A person who has suffered from constipation may be advised to increase the amount of wholegrain cereal in her/his diet.

Adds fibre / fibre absorbs water / peristalsis encouraged / faster digestive transit

867

What happens to water molecules when they reach the sites of photosynthesis?

photolysis or split Protons or H+ / electrons / oxygen

868

What is meant by fertilization?

The fusion (union) of a male gamete and female gamete [or two haploid gametes] to form a diploid zygote.

869

Give two good sources of protein in the human diet.

Lean meat, fish, eggs

870

Explain the term excretion.

Getting rid of waste / made in the body

871

Write notes on survival times for sperm and ova.

sperm: up to 7 days ova: up to 2 days. sperm nourished in female tract or longer survival time means greater chance of fertilisation

872

What is a quadrat frame?

Square frame used for taking a random sample of plants in an area

873

Suggest a biological explanation for the following: After a long session of heavy exercise, an athlete’s urine is likely to be concentrated and low in volume.

Water lost by exhaling (or by sweating) / less water in blood / ADH secreted / causes collecting ducts (or distal tubes or kidney) / to reabsorb water

874

Why is phototropism of benefit to plants?

For photosynthesis, maximises the amount of sunlight that falls on leaf

875

The primary source of energy in an ecosystem is the …

Sun

876

Name two substances excreted by the kidneys.

Urea/water/salt / urine

877

Waste management is becoming an increasingly difficult matter. Suggest two reasons for this.

Increasing population/ increasing consumption (prosperity) / too little recycling /opposition to incinerators/shortage of landfill sites/ illegal dumping/ NIMBY / cost

878

Give one cause of female infertility.

Genetic / hormonal / lack of ovulation / disease of endometrium / collapsed Fallopian tubes or abuse of alcohol or abuse of drugs / anorexia / menopause / contraception / hysterectomy / fibroids /obesity / STD / smoking /stress

879

Explain the following terms, which are used in genetics: allele, homozygous, genotype.

Allele: Homozygous: Genotype:

880

Suggest a biological explanation for the following: A person’s fingers may turn white when exposed to low temperature for a period of time.

Arterioles / constrict / less blood (in fingers) / heat loss minimised

881

Which type of division, mitosis or meiosis, is involved in budding?

Mitosis

882

Name the parts of the kidney in which each of the following takes place: 1.                   Filtration 2.                   Reabsorption

1. Cortex 2. Medulla  or Cortex

883

Name the group of substances that controls growth responses in plants.

(plant) growth regulators

884

Write the dental formula for an adult human.

i2/2, c1/1, p2/2, m3/3

885

The parts of the earth and atmosphere in which life is found is called the …

Biosphere

886

What is an amylase? Name a site of amylase action. What is the approximate pH value at this site?

Amylase: enzyme – converts starch to maltose Site: Mouth or intestine pH: 7.5

887

Name a substance transported to the liver by the blood in the hepatic portal vein.

Named food  or CO2

888

Name an excretory organ in the body other than the kidney.

Lungs/skin/liver

889

Name the blood vessels that bring blood back from the lungs.

Pulmonary veins

890

What is meant by absorption?

The passing of small molecules into the bloodstream from the digestive tract

891

Give one reason why the body needs water.

Component / Solvent / Medium / Reaction / Transport / (cell) shape / Temp. regulator / (allow reference to hydration)

892

Identify X and Y in the following equation which is a summary of aerobic respiration. C6H12O6 + 6X  à 6Y + 6H20

X = O2 Y = CO2

893

What is a meristem?

A region of mitosis in a plant

894

Name any one hormone produced by the body. Give a deficiency symptom of the hormone named

Any human hormone Deficiency symptom must match Hormone

895

Name the blood vessel that brings oxygenated blood to the liver.

Hepatic artery

896

What is the function of the petal? Give two ways in which it may be adapted for this function.

To attracts insects for pollination Brightly coloured / nectary

897

What is genetic engineering?

Manipulation or alteration of genes

898

In which part of the human female reproductive system does fertilization occur?

Fallopian tubes (oviducts)

899

Give one way in which water is lost from the body.

Urination, sweating, exhaling

900

Give one example of the use of hormone supplements.

Any one use

901

The human being is an endotherm. What does this mean?

Animals who can maintain their own temperature from heat generated by its own internal metabolism

902

Where in the human body is the liver located in relation to the stomach?

Above or to the right or behind

903

Describe one method of waste management by reference to agriculture, fisheries or forestry.

Agriculture e.g. Slurry / dilute / on dry land / a fertilizer. Fisheries e.g. Heads, neutralise waste / pulped and dried / fertiliser or pig feed. Forestry e.g. Small branches / humus / Large branches / wood products.

904

Describe the role of the sweat glands in relation to body temperature.

Sweat / evaporates/ heat lost

905

If yeast cells are kept under anaerobic conditions, alcohol (ethanol) and another substance are produced. 1. What are anaerobic conditions?  2. Name the other substance produced.

1. Conditions where there is no oxygen present 2. Carbon dioxide

906

The central nervous system is made up of two main parts. Name each part.

Brain/spinal cord

907

Where would you find rods and cones?

Retina of eye

908

Name the test or name the chemical used to test a sports drink for the presence of glucose (reducing sugar).

Benedict’s reagent, Fehlings A & B, Clinistix

909

Where is bile stored after it has been made in the liver?

Gall bladder

910

Give two functions of a stem.

Support / conduction (xylem and phloem) / sometimes storage

911

State two functions of the human skeleton.

Support / movement / protection / blood formation

912

Name a disorder of the nervous system. Give one cause of the disorder and suggest a means of treating the disorder.

Named disorder/cause/treatment

913

Give one function of symbiotic bacteria in the human digestive system.

bacteria living in the colon produce vitamin B2 and vitamin K

914

Name the part of the central nervous system that runs through the vertebrae.

Spinal cord

915

In which part of the flower is pollen produced?

Anther

916

Give one role that the bile salts play in the digestive process.

Emulsify fats (or explained) or neutralise (or comment on pH)

917

Name the test or give the chemicals used to test a sports drink for the presence of protein.

Biuret test Copper sulphate & sodium hydroxide

918

What does the term infertility mean?

The inability to produce  offspring / gametes

919

What is anaerobic respiration?

The release of energy from carbohydrate without using oxygen

920

Suggest some ways of minimizing waste.

Reduce, Reuse, Recycle

921

What happens to the small arteries (arterioles) in the skin when the external temperature drops?

Constrict / reduce blood flow / less heat lost

922

Give one example of genetic engineering involving an animal and one example involving a plant.

M/O: Production of human insulin Animal: Sheep producing blood clotting factors Plant: Production of Golden Rice – possible solution to Vitamin A deficiency

923

Give two further functions of the liver, other than the manufacture of bile.

Storage of (fat-soluble) vitamins (or glycogen or named mineral) /  deamination / heat generation / detoxification / plasma protein production / cholesterol production

924

Where does  each of the following events take place: 1.                   Ovulation 2.                   Fertilisation

1. Ovary 2. In oviduct (not in uterus)

925

Where in the digestive system are the products of digestion absorbed? State one way in which this part of the system is adapted for absorption.

Small intestine Folds / villi / length

926

Define the term osmosis

The movement of water molecules from a region of high (water) concentration to a region of low (water) concentration across a S.P.M  or The movement of water molecules along a concentration gradient across a S.P.M.

927

What is the main source of body heat in endotherms?

Respiration / metabolism

928

Give two ways in which pollen may be transported to another flower.

Wind / insect

929

The vertebrae form part of the axial skeleton. Name the vertebrae found in: 1. The neck, 2. The small of the back.

1. Cervical 2. Lumbar

930

In vitro fertilisation is a method used to treat infertility. What is meant by the term in vitro in relation to fertilisation?

In a glass vessel / Test tube (Allow ‘outside body’)

931

Where in a plant cell does photosynthesis take place?

Chloroplast

932

Where in the cell does the first stage of respiration take place?

Cytosol

933

Give one function of rods and one function of cones.

Rods: monochromatic vision (dim light) Cones: colour vision

934

Give an example of osmosis in plants.

Water entering root hair cell; water moving from cell to cell in transpiration

935

Name the three bones that form the human arm.

Humerus, radius, ulna

936

Give one cause of infertility in women.

Inability to ovulate / blocked oviducts / menopause or age / weight / excessive exercise …

937

Write a short note (about five lines) on one of the following: arthritis or osteoporosis.

Cause / symptom / treatment / prevention Arthritis: e.g. injury /disease / inflammation / affects joints / impairs movement / joint replacement / dietary supplement /etc. OR Osteoporosis: e.g. loss of bone tissue / bones brittle / common in older women / HRT / calcium deficiency / pain / exercise / lack of exercise

938

Give the alternative name of the first stage of photosynthesis.

Light (stage)

939

In ecology what is meant by a trophic level?

Feeding level, i.e. the position of an organism in a food chain

940

State a benefit of dietary fibre.

Provides bulk / can prevent overeating / gives muscles something to push against / keeps gut contents moving / absorbs water / keeps faeces soft / easier to egest / prevents constipation.

941

A catabolic reaction in an animal. E.g. …

Respiration

942

As a result of fertility treatment, an embryo develops successfully from an in vitro fertilisation. What is the next step for the embryo?

Implantation / Frozen

943

What is meant by the term digestion?

The process of breaking down food into soluble molecules

944

Some cells in the human body undergo meiosis. Give one function of meiosis.

one (diploid) nucleus divides to form 4 different (haploid) (daughter) nuclei

945

During the first stage of photosynthesis energised electrons enter two pathways. Where do the energised electrons come from?

Chlorophyll

946

Where is FSH produced?

Pituitary

947

What forms in the carpel after pollination and fertilization?

Seed or zygote or embryo or food reserve

948

Name the liquid part of the blood.

Plasma

949

In genetics, what is meant by sex linkage?

Gene located on X- chromosome or on Y-chromosome

950

What is meant by an enzyme?

Biological catalyst

951

Why does digestion occur in seeds during germination?

Soluble / for transport / allow ”glucose for respiration‟

952

In the second stage of photosynthesis compounds of the general formula Cx(H2O)y are formed. What name is given to this group of compounds?

Carbohydrates

953

Does the first stage of respiration require oxygen?

No

954

Different lifestyle factors have an effect on the health of our circulatory system. Name any two of these factors.

Any two factors

955

Give an example of a protein that has a structural role.

Myosin in muscle Collagen in skin

956

Name a fungus, other than yeast, that you studied during your course.

Rhizopus

957

What is the function of the cornea?

Allows light to enter eye

958

An anabolic reaction in a plant. E.g. …

Photosynthesis

959

From which simple compound does the plant obtain the H used to make compounds of general formula Cx(H2O)y?

Water (or H2O)

960

Does the aorta carry blood towards or away from the heart?

Away from

961

Distinguish between biotic and abiotic factors.

Biotic: these are the living features of an ecosystem that affect the other members of the community Abiotic: the non-living features of an ecosystem that affect the community

962

Name the blood vessel that joins the ileum to the liver.

Hepatic portal vein

963

What is a nutrient medium?

Material [or described] supplying food or material allowing growth

964

Give two meanings for the term sterile.

1. Free from all types of micro-organisms. 2. Incapable of producing fertile gametes

965

State a precise role for each of the following in photosynthesis: 1. Carbon dioxide, 2. Water.

1. supplies carbon for the formation of carbohydrate 2. supplies hydrogen or protons (H+) or electrons or photolysis or described [allow formation of carbohydrate or named once]

966

Why is the wall of the left ventricle thicker than the wall of the right ventricle?

Blood from left ventricle must be pumped further / greater pressure

967

Name the simple compound that supplies the necessary energy for the second stage reactions in photosynthesis.

Adenosine Triphosphate (or ATP)

968

The DNA molecule is composed of two strands held together by paired bases. 1. Which base can link only to thymine? 2. Which base can link only to cytosine?

1. Adenine 2. Guanine

969

An edaphic factor is an example of an abiotic factor. Explain the underlined term.

Factors relating to the soil [which affects the distribution of organisms in a (terrestrial) ecosystem]

970

Comment on the amount of energy released in the first stage of respiration.

Very little (4 ATP) released during Glycolysis when one molecule of glucose is converted into two molecules of pyruvate. 2 ATP used to start the process.

971

What type of lens is used to correct long sight?

Convex lens

972

Name the arteries that supply the heart wall with blood.

Coronary / Cardiac

973

Give one function of FSH.

Production or development of follicle (egg) or (stimulate) oestrogen production

974

What is meant by the dormancy of seeds?

Period of reduced metabolism (or period of reduced activity) or period of no growth.

975

“The same amount of DNA is present in nuclei of cells taken from the liver, heart, pancreas and muscle of a rat.” Use your knowledge of DNA and mitosis to explain this statement.

chromosome contains DNA mitosis maintains same chromosome number or cells derived from mitotic division

976

For what is ATP an abbreviation?

Adenosine triphosphate

977

Distinguish between quantitative and qualitative surveys in an ecosystem.

Quantitative: A survey which records or estimates the numbers of a species (in a particular ecosystem). Qualitative: A survey which indicates if a species is present or not

978

What is the role of valves in the heart?

To prevent backflow of blood

979

What name is given to the first stage of respiration?

Glycolysis

980

In which part of the digestive system is water absorbed? Give another function of this part of the digestive system.

Colon or rectum or stomach or duodenum or ileum Stores faeces or expels faeces or digestion or digestion or digestion (Allow Intestine)

981

Give one way in which the dormancy of seeds is of benefit to plants.

Survival or germination delayed until conditions suitable for growth or greater time for embryo development (or greater time for dispersal) or reduced competition

982

A fat-soluble vitamin. E.g. …

Vitamin A, D, E, K

983

What is meant by immobilisation?

An enzyme which is fixed to an inert material by chemical or physical means.

984

The lymphatic system is another series of vessels carrying fluid in the body. Give any two functions of the lymphatic system.

Returns fluid to blood / transport / lymphocytes(Immunity)

985

Explain what is meant by the term DNA profiling.

Producing a picture of pieces of DNA when an organism’s DNA is broken up using specific enzymes and then sorted by size on a gel. The result is a bit like a bar code.

986

Why is a quadrat unsuitable for studying most animal populations?

Most animals move too fast or are too big / use capture-recapture method / can be used if animal is slow moving

987

Explain the following terms that are used in ecology: niche, edaphic factor, symbiosis.

Niche: The functional role of an organism (in an ecosystem) Edaphic factor: Factors relating to the soil [which affects the distribution of organisms in a (terrestrial) ecosystem] Symbiosis: A relationship between two species living in close proximity involving benefit to one or both

988

Suggest one way in which knowledge of dormancy is useful to farmers and gardeners.

(Optimum) storage conditions or (optimum) sowing (or ploughing) time or (maximise) the growing season or seed treatment before sowing (or examples)

989

What is meant by nitrogen fixation?

The conversion of nitrogen into nitrates

990

In what structures in the lungs does gaseous exchange take place?

Alveoli or Air sacs

991

What is meant by nitrification?

The process of converting ammonia into nitrites and/or nitrites to nitrates

992

Where in the cell does the second stage of respiration take place?

Mitochondria

993

What is the role of ATP in cells?

stores or provides energy for cell activities

994

Suggest a plant that would not be suitable to survey using a quadrat.

Large plants, e.g. ash, oak, etc.

995

Water, oxygen and a suitable temperature are all required for the germination of seeds. In the case of each of these factors describe its effect on the process of germination.

Water: for enzyme action (or example of enzyme action) or as a solvent or transport of materials or bursting the testa [allow washing away inhibitors] Suitable temp: required for (optimum or increased) enzyme activity Oxygen: needed for (aerobic) respiration

996

Give one feature of the alveoli that allows efficient exchange of gases.

Thin walls / moist surfaces / surrounded by capillaries/ large surface area / expandable

997

Name the type of bonding which occurs between members of a base pair in DNA.

Hydrogen bonding

998

A reducing sugar. E.g. …

All monosaccharides and maltose

999

Name the nutrient medium that you used.

Nutrient agar

1000

Where in a cell does this first stage of respiration take place?

Cytosol

1001

What is the function of the nitrogen cycle?

To make (nitrogen) available or described / for use by organisms

1002

What is the function of the larynx?

To make sound

1003

Which part of the embryo in a germinating seed gives rise to each of the following parts of the seedling? 1. The root 2. The shoot.

1.        Radicle 2.        Plumule

1004

State one possible source of error in a survey of an ecosystem.

Lack of randomness / insufficient quadrats / species identification / carelessness / human error / unsuitable equipment

1005

Does the second stage of respiration require oxygen?

Yes if respiration is aerobic No if respiration is anaerobic

1006

What term do ecologists use to describe an animal which kills and eats other animals?

Predator

1007

Name a substance that is used to immobilise enzymes.

(calcium or sodium) alginate or other correct

1008

Outline the steps involved in inhalation.

Impulse from brain / (intercostal) muscles contract / diaphragm contracts / thoracic cavity increases or rib cage up and out or diaphragm flattens / pressure drops  / air in

1009

What are the stages involved in DNA profiling.

DNA extracted or explained / DNA cut into fragments / using enzymes / fragments separated / on basis of size / pattern analysed

1010

Describe the development of pollen grains from microspore mother cells.

Meiosis / 4 (or tetrad ) / haploid / micospores / (divides by) mitosis / tube and generative nucleus / pollen grain matures (or wall forms)

1011

Give four factors that influence the size of the human population.

famine or food availability / birth control / war / disease / birth rate / death rate or longevity / degree of medical care / natural disaster or example

1012

What is meant by the term species?

Organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring

1013

A polysaccharide. E.g. …

Starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin

1014

What is meant by the term photosynthesis?

The method by which plants make their own food

1015

To what substance is glucose normally converted in the first stage of respiration?  Is oxygen required for this conversion?

Pyruvate No oxygen required

1016

Name the blood vessel that returns blood to the heart from the lungs.

Pulmonary vein

1017

What is meant by the term fertilisation?

Fusion of gametes or formation of zygote

1018

State the function of the following: epiglottis, larynx.

epiglottis: to close off trachea or described larynx: to make sound

1019

From what structure in the carpel does the seed develop?

Ovule

1020

A gas from the air is needed for photosynthesis. Name this gas.

CO2 / Water Vapour

1021

Explain the following terms as used in genetics: 1. heterozygous, 2. incomplete dominance, 3. phenotype.

Heterozygous: Incomplete dominance: Phenotype:

1022

Name a breathing disorder. Name: ___________________ and state: 1. A cause, 2. A means of prevention, 3. A treatment

Asthma Cause: narrowing of the bronchioles and mucus secretion Prevention: avoid of pollen, house mites, dog and cat dander or vigorous exercise Treatment: steroid tablets or inhalers

Bronchitis Cause: bacteria, viruses and irritants such as cigarette smoke and air pollutants Prevention: avoid smoky atmosphere Treatment: antibiotics if bacterial

1023

Comment on the amount of energy released in the second stage of respiration.

Very large amount / much greater than in the first stage

1024

Give a brief account of the process of fertilisation in flowering plants.

Generative nucleus / mitosis / two  male gametes (or nuclei) / one fuses with egg / to form zygote / other (male gamete or nucleus) fuses with (two) polar nuclei / to form

1025

Describe briefly the role of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles in inhalation. In your answer refer to volume and thoracic air pressure.

diaphragm contracts / lowers / intercostal muscles contract / rib cage up/ volume of chest (cavity) increased / decreased pressure / air in / to equalise pressure

1026

Name the part of a plant cell in which photosynthesis takes place.

Chloroplasts

1027

Give two applications of DNA profiling.

Paternity disputes, Forensic Science, Genetic Screening, Genetic Archaeology

1028

Give two advantages of using immobilised enzymes.

enzyme can be reused / can be recovered / pure product / comment on cost or efficiency or stability or longer lasting

1029

What is meant by DNA profiling?

Producing a picture of pieces of DNA when an organism’s DNA is broken up using specific enzymes and then sorted by size on a gel. The result is a bit like a bar code.

1030

Name a compound to which pyruvic acid (pyruvate) may be converted, in the absence of oxygen.

In animals: lactic acid In plants (yeast): ethanol and carbon dioxide

1031

Give a role for each of the following parts of a flower: sepals, anther and stigma.

Sepals: protect flower (or bud) or photosynthesis or attract insects Anthers: produce pollen Stigma: traps (or catches) pollen [allow where pollen lands if qualified]

1032

Write a balanced equation for photosynthesis.

light energy 6CO2 + 6H2O à C6H12O6 + 6O2                                       chlorophyll

1033

Name the process involved in the passage of gas between the alveolus and the blood.

Diffusion

1034

What term is used to describe the animal that is killed and eaten?

Prey

1035

State two ways in which the energy that is released during respiration is used in the human body.

Movement / metabolism / protein synthesis / assimilation

1036

A trace element in the human diet. E.g. …

Iron, copper, zinc

1037

In DNA profiling, what are used to cut DNA strands into fragments?

Restriction enzymes

1038

Plants contain the green pigment chlorophyll. What is the role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?

To absorb light / to convert light to chemical energy

1039

Is the following statement true or false? Give a reason for your answer. Food chains are usually short.

True  / Energy lost at (or between) levels or described

1040

Give three ways in which an alveolus is adapted for efficient gas exchange.

capillary network / moist surface / thin walled / elastic wall

1041

Name the main gas transported in the pulmonary vein. How is this gas transported?

Oxygen Transported as oxyhaemoglobin

1042

What is genetic screening?

Testing (people) for the presence of a (specific) gene or To establish presence or absence of gene(s)

1043

State two locations in the seed where food may be stored.

Cotyledon / endosperm

1044

What is an enzyme?

A biological (or organic or protein) / catalyst

1045

Give one application of a named immobilised enzyme. In your answer, refer to substrate, enzyme and product.

Application: Making lactose-free milk Enzyme: Immobilised lactase Substrate: Heat-treated skimmed milk Product: lactose-free milk

1046

Is the following statement true or false? Give a reason for your answer. The herbivores in an ecosystem normally live long lives.

False / Usually eaten by 2nd level consumers (or carnivores)

1047

Give two applications (uses) of DNA profiling.

Paternity disputes, Forensic Science, Genetic Screening, Genetic Archaeology

1048

Comment on the difficulty of defining viruses as living organisms.

non-cellular / one nucleic acid / can reproduce in host cell only or obligate parasite / do not possess organelles or named organelle

1049

What is meant by the term immunity?

the ability of the body to resist infection

1050

Name any one enzyme, and its substrate, and its product.

Enzyme: any enzyme Substrate: must match enzyme Product: must match substrate or enzyme

1051

Where does meiosis occur in the human male?

Testis

1052

If the population of prey declines suggest two possible consequences for the predators.

Starvation or death / migration / decline in population / increased competition / change food source

1053

Is the following statement true or false? Give a reason for your answer. The only remaining natural ecosystems in Ireland, for example mountain land above the heather line and salt marsh, are ones for which mankind has no use.

True / Use causes change or no abuse or no economic value or False / Valid reason

1054

Other than the secretion of hormones, how does an endocrine gland differ from an exocrine gland?

ductless or secretes into blood stream

1055

Name the plant from which you isolated DNA in your practical studies.

Kiwi

1056

The rate of activity of enzymes can be affected by various factors. Name any two factors that can affect enzyme activity.

Temperature / pH

1057

What is homeostasis? Note one reason why it is important in the human body.

Maintaining a constant internal environment Reason: allows normal metabolic activities or keeps temperature suitable for enzyme reactions

1058

The embryo plant within the seed has a number of parts. List two of these parts, apart from food stores, and give a role for each of them.

radicle / plumule develops root / develops shoot

1059

What is an antibiotic?

Substances produced by bacteria or fungi [accept micro-organisms] to treat infections [kill other bacteria or fungi]

1060

Is the following statement true or false? Give a reason for your answer. HIV / AIDS has orphaned many children in sub-Saharan Africa.

True / Premature death of parents or poor living conditions or poor health care (or example) or poor education or an example of a cultural reason

1061

What is meant by an ectotherm?

Animals whose body temperature varies with the environmental temperature

1062

Enzymes are sometimes immobilised in industrial processes. What is meant by the term immobilised in relation to enzymes?

Attached to a (inert)substance/ trapped / in beads

1063

A carbohydrate is composed of carbon, hydrogen and …

Oxygen

1064

For what precise purpose did you use freezer-cold ethanol (alcohol) in your isolation of DNA?

To separate the DNA

1065

State two ways in which hormone action differs from nerve action.

chemical transmission / slower action / longer lasting effect / many target organs

1066

Where is sperm stored in the human male?

Epididymis

1067

To which kingdom do bacteria belong?

Monera or Prokaryotae

1068

Give one advantage of using immobilised enzymes.

Can be reused / pure product / cheaper

1069

What are the two main biochemical components of a virus particle?

Protein coat / nucleic acid

1070

An example of a water-soluble vitamin is …

Vitamin B, C

1071

A chemical that is used to show the presence of starch is …

Iodine

1072

Decomposition is essential for the addition of nutrients to the soil. Explain the underlined term.

The decaying of a dead organism

1073

Following dispersal, the seed undergoes a period of dormancy. What is dormancy? Suggest two advantages of dormancy.

Dormancy: a period of rest before growth Advantages: Ensures springtime germination / maximises the growing season for the new seedling / in desert plants – ensures water for further growth

1074

What is the main source of energy in an ecosystem?

The Sun

1075

Where are primary producers found in a pyramid of numbers?

Base or bottom

1076

Outline briefly the role of B lymphocytes in the human immune system.

recognition / produce antibodies / specific to antigens or in response to antigens

1077

In the case of a named hormone give: 1. a deficiency symptom, 2. a corrective measure.

Hormone: Thyroxine 1. Child – slow growth, mental retardation 2. thyroxine tablets

1078

State two functions of testosterone.

Stimulates male primary & secondary sexual characteristics / sperm formation

1079

The liquid in which chemical reactions take place in the cell is …

Cytosol

1080

Explain the following terms used in ecology: 1.            Biosphere 2.            Habitat.

1.        Biosphere – Everywhere life is possible 2.        Habitat – A place where organism(s) live

1081

Name two groups of micro-organisms in the soil which are responsible for decomposition.

Bacteria / fungi

1082

Using named examples, construct a simple inverted pyramid of numbers.

Pyramid showing any inversion (at least two levels). Any two named organisms in inverted relationship

1083

Antibiotics should not be prescribed for a person suffering from a viral infection. Suggest a reason for this.

Antibiotics have no effect on viruses

1084

Fats are made from fatty acids and …

Glycerol

1085

What is meant by each of the following in ecology: predator; habitat; niche; biosphere; ecosystem?

Predator: An animal (or organism ) which kills and eats an animal (or organism or prey) Habitat: The place where an organism lives Niche: The functional role of an organism (in an ecosystem) Biosphere: The part of the planet where life occurs Ecosystem: A community of living organisms interacting with one another and their environment

1086

What is meant by a quantitative survey of organisms in a habitat?

A survey in which the number of a particular species/organism is counted

1087

Distinguish between active and passive immunity.

Active: When the body produces its own antibodies Passive: The body receives ready-made antibodies to combat infection giving short lived protection

1088

True or false. If the eyepiece lens of a microscope is marked X10 and the objective lens is marked X4, the total magnification is X14.

False

1089

Give two examples of the use of hormone supplements.

e.g. 1.  Treatment of diabetes   2. Contraception

1090

What is the function of flagella on bacteria?

For movement or propulsion

1091

Genetics is the study of …

The study of the structure and function of genes and their transmission from parents to offspring

1092

Name two pieces of apparatus used to collect animals from an ecosystem.

Pooter / Beating tray / Pitfall trap / Net…

1093

In a woman the sex chromosomes are XX; in a man they are …

XY

1094

Give a cause of male infertility and suggest a corrective measure.

Cause: low sperm count / low sperm mobility / endocrine gland failure Correction: IVF

1095

If the diploid number in a cell is 46, the haploid number is …

23

1096

1.       Name a hormone-producing gland in the human body. 2.       Where in the body is the gland located? 3.       Name a hormone that this gland secretes. 4.       State a role of this hormone. 5.       Describe what happens if the body experiences a deficiency of this hormone.

1.        Name of a hormone-producing gland 2.        Location of named gland 3.        Hormone secreted by named gland 4.        Role of hormone 5.        Description of deficiency symptom [Accept named condition]

1097

In order to make proteins, DNA is first transcribed as messenger ...

mRNA

1098

What is meant by the term predator?

Organism that kills & eats others (allow kills its prey)

1099

Name any two of the main bacterial types (shapes).

Cocci / rods / spirals

1100

A change in the genetic material of an organism is called a …

Mutation

1101

Name two diseases caused by viruses.

Measles / mumps / rubella / AIDS

1102

True or false. Plant cells have chloroplasts; animal cells do not have chloroplasts.

True

1103

What term is used to describe the glands that secrete hormones in the human body?

Endocrine (or ductless)

1104

What is meant by the term conservation?

Management of an ecosystem (not natural resource & not protection)

1105

Give one main function of the leaf.

To make food

1106

“Vaccination gives rise to active immunity”. Explain this statement.

vaccination introduces antigen / causes antibody production to gain immunity to that infection

1107

By which method do bacterial cells reproduce?

Binary fission

1108

In certain situations a person is given a specific antibody rather than being vaccinated. 1. Is this an example of active or passive immunity? 2. Under what circumstances might an antibody, rather than a vaccination, be given? 3. Comment on the duration of immunity that follows the administration of an antibody.

1. passive 2. infection may already have occurred or possibility of dangerous infection or no vaccine available or vaccine too expensive 3. short term

1109

Is an enzyme a lipid, a protein or a carbohydrate?

Protein

1110

Explain the following terms that are used in genetics: Allele.

Allele – alternative form of a gene

1111

What is a reflex action?

automatic / response to a stimulus / involuntary (or not controlled by brain)

1112

What is the role of the fruit?

reproduction or seed dispersal (a source of food for animals)

1113

Give a function of ligaments.

Joins bone to bone

1114

Name the tube-like tissue found in the stem in which water moves through the plant.

Xylem

1115

Some bacteria are anaerobic. What does this mean?

They live (respire) without or in the absence of oxygen

1116

Explain the following terms that are used in genetics: Heterozygous.

Heterozygous–two alleles / Tt (2 genes not acceptable)

1117

True or false. Humans receive oxygen from the air they inhale.

True

1118

Give one example of a reflex action.

e.g. coughing, blinking, sneezing etc.

1119

Where in a cell are enzymes produced?

Ribosomes

1120

Name the element, other than carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, which is always found in protein.

Nitrogen

1121

Give an example of a beneficial application of a virus.

bacteriophage or used in genetic engineering or vaccine production or vector (in disease treatment)

1122

Explain the following terms that are used in genetics: Phenotype.

Phenotype – genotype expressed / genotype +environment

1123

What is meant in ecology by a quantitative survey?

A survey which records or estimates the numbers of a species (in a particular ecosystem).

1124

What are pathogenic bacteria?

Disease causing organisms/bacteria

1125

Suggest an advantage of reflex actions.

Protection or fast (response)

1126

Give one main function of the root.

Anchorage / absorption / storage

1127

What is the principal source of energy for the Earth’s ecosystems?

The sun

1128

In humans, brown eye (B) is dominant to blue eye (b). Two parents, one heterozygous for eye colour and the other with blue eyes, start a family. (i)            What is the genotype of the blue-eyed parent? (ii)           What are the possible gametes that each parent can produce?

(i)       (bb) (ii)     One Parent  – (B) / (b) Other Parent - (b)

1129

State one reason that your body needs protein.

Structural: growth, repair, muscle, hair, nails Metabolic: enzymes, immunity (antibodies)

1130

Give a function of synovial fluid.

lubricate a joint / reduce friction

1131

Name a producer.

Any named green plant

1132

Name a disorder of the human nervous system.

Paralysis or Parkinson’s

1133

Give two example of the economic importance of bacteria.

Any two examples

1134

Explain, in terms of what happens to body cells, what is meant by the term cancer.

Control over cell division is lost

1135

What is meant by an abiotic factor?

A non- living feature of an ecosystem that affects the community

1136

What is a tissue?

Group of similar cells

1137

Explain briefly what is meant by a gene.

A unit of DNA which codes for the production of a specific protein

1138

True or false. Cell membranes let only some molecules pass through.

True

1139

In the case of a disorder of the human nervous system state: 1. A possible cause. 2. A means of prevention or a treatment.

Paralysis or Parkinson’s 1.        Relevant cause 2.        Relevant means of prevention or treatment

1140

Give two possible causes of cancer.

Any two  causes e.g. Radiation / Smoking …

1141

State one way in which a named organism is adapted to the ecosystem.

Greenfly – colour (camouflage)

1142

Explain why it is difficult to classify viruses as living organisms.

non-cellular / one nucleic acid / can reproduce in host cell only or obligate parasite / do not possess organelles or named organelle

1143

The allele for brown eye (B) is dominant to the allele for blue eye (b). Explain each of the underlined terms.

Allele: An alternative form of a gene Dominant: One allele masks the expression of the other

1144

Name two foods in which you found protein.

Lean meat, fish, eggs

1145

What is a quadrat frame?

a square frame with internal dimensions of one metre or half a metre. May or may not be sub-divided with wires or string. Used for taking a random sample of plants in an area

1146

Some people choose to be screened to determine their risk of getting a particular type of cancer. What is meant by genetic screening?

Checking / for presence of specific gene

1147

Distinguish between the terms haploid and diploid.

Haploid: (A nucleus having) one set of chromosomes (or one copy of each chromosome) Diploid: (A nucleus having) Two sets of chromosomes (or  two copies of each chromosome)

1148

Which stage of respiration releases more energy?

The second stage / in the mitochondria

1149

Explain briefly what is meant by respiration.

The controlled release of energy from food within a cell. A 24 hour process.

1150

Give the two main chemical components of a virus.

Protein coat / nucleic acid

1151

Name two tissues found in animals.

Dermal, vascular, muscular, nervous,

1152

Blood samples taken from a crime scene were put through a process called DNA profiling. During the process cells were broken down to release the DNA, which was then cut into fragments. The fragments were then separated. 1.       What was used to cut the DNA? 2.       On what basis were the DNA fragments separated? 3.       Give an application of DNA profiling other than solving crime.

1.        Enzyme 2.        Size 3.        Paternity or maternity / taxonomy / evolution

1153

Name the process that converts the principal source of energy into chemical energy in plants.

Photosynthesis

1154

Distinguish between the terms homozygous and heterozygous.

Homozygous: alleles the same Heterozygous: alleles different

1155

What reagent or chemicals did you use to test for protein?

Biuret reagent / coper sulphate & sodium hydroxide

1156

True or false. Human chromosomes are found in the nucleus.

True

1157

Give two abiotic factors that you investigated, describe how you measured each one.

Abiotic factor Temperature, Light intensity, Air speed, Water current, Humidity, ­ pH

Measured with .. Thermometer Light (Lux) meter Anemometer Flow meter Hygrometer Universal indicator or probe

1158

How did you obtain a thin piece of a sample of the cells and prepare it for examination under the microscope?

Cut or peel /with what / onto slide / into water //safety point / stain / cover slip / detail on cover slip

1159

Briefly describe how viruses reproduce.

Entry / Use cell’s components / Synthesis / Assembly / Release

1160

What does animal plankton feed on?

Plant plankton (phytoplankton)

1161

Distinguish between the terms genotype and phenotype.

Genotype: genetic make-up or genes (alleles) present Phenotype: expression of genotype (and environment) or physical make up

1162

Where in the nucleus would you find genes?

On the chromosomes

1163

Distinguish between autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition.

Autotrophic: Organisms that are capable of making (synthesising) their own food from inorganic compounds, e.g. all chlorophyll containing plants Heterotrophic: Organisms that cannot make their own food. Depend on other organisms as sources of food, e.g. all animals, saprophytes and parasites

1164

What stain did you use on plant cells when examining them under the microscope?

Iodine solution

1165

Give examples of two harmful bacteria.

TB/ syphilis/ cholera/ tetanus/ sore throat/ names of bacteria/ etc.

1166

In stage 1 of respiration, glucose is partly broken down. Where in the cell does this happen?

Cytosol

1167

Give one way in which viruses are beneficial and one way in which they are harmful.

Beneficial – Disease control / specific example Harmful – Cause diseases / specific example

1168

Distinguish between the terms segregation and independent assortment.

Segregation: only one (member) of a pair of alleles (or chromosomes) enters a gamete Independent assortment: Either member of a pair of alleles (or chromosomes) can combine (or transmit) with either member of another pair (in gamete formation)

1169

What is meant by ground tissue?

Living plant cells making the soft parts of leaves, e.g. pith, cortex and spongy tissue.

1170

Describe how you applied the stain to cells when examining them under the microscope.

With a dropper / Under coverslip / method

1171

What is meant by tissue culture?

The growth of individual cells outside an organism.

1172

What is meant by excretion?

Removal of the waste products of metabolisms

1173

Why are saprophytic bacteria important in nature?

decompose dead organisms or recycle nutrients

1174

Give a function of ground tissue.

Food and waste storage, photosynthesis and also give strength and support.

1175

Explain the terms transcription and translation.

Transcription: making of (m)RNA using DNA (template) Translation: making a protein using (m)RNA (code)

1176

The objective lenses on a microscope are usually labelled 40X, 10X, and 4X. Which objective lens should you begin with when using the microscope?

4X / Low Power

1177

Name the vein connected to the lungs.

Pulmonary vein

1178

What is meant by osmoregulation?

controlling the osmotic pressure within an organism by regulating the amounts of salt and water present

1179

Distinguish between aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

Aerobic: The release of energy from carbohydrate using oxygen Anaerobic: The release of energy from carbohydrate without using oxygen

1180

Where does filtration of blood take place within the kidney?

From the glomerulus into the capsular space of Bowman’s capsule in the cortex

1181

Suggest a reason why sterile conditions are needed in tissue culture.

to prevent bacterial growth or contamination

1182

Give one cell structure that you observed under the microscope that indicated that the cells you were looking at were plant cells.

Cell Wall / Chloroplast / (Large) Vacuole

1183

In which structures in the cell does translation occur?

Ribosome

1184

Distinguish clearly between pollination and fertilisation.

pollination – transfer of pollen fertilisation – fusion of gametes or of sex cells

1185

Name the artery connected to the kidneys.

Renal artery

1186

Name the small gaps between neurons.

Synapses

1187

State three factors necessary for the germination of a seed.

Suitable temperature, Oxygen, Water

1188

The scientific method involves making a hypothesis, carrying out experiments, recording results, and forming conclusions. Why is it a good idea to repeat an experiment many times?

To verify results /(statistical) reliability/ minimise error

1189

What is saprophytic nutrition?

A type of heterotrophic nutrition where an organism obtains its food from dead or decaying organic matter

1190

How many bases in sequence make up a codon in mRNA?

Three

1191

What is a meristem?

A region of mitosis in a plant

1192

Briefly explain chemosynthesis.

formation of carbohydrates (food) from inorganic compounds without sunlight

1193

Name the vein that joins the intestine to the liver.

Hepatic portal vein

1194

Why is a control used when carrying out experiments?

To compare (with experiment)

1195

Name the gas needed to release energy to make a skin graft.

Oxygen

1196

Name two products excreted by the human.

Urea, carbon dioxide, salt, water

1197

Each mRNA codon specifies one of three possible outcomes during protein synthesis. Name these three possible outcomes.

Start / Adding an amino acid / Stop

1198

What is germination?

Is the beginning of the growth after a period of dormancy

1199

State a location in the seed where food is stored.

Cotyledon / endosperm

1200

For what purpose did you use Fehling’s solution or Benedict’s solution in the course of your practical activities?

To check for Glucose / reducing sugar

1201

What term is used for the organism from which a parasite obtains its food?

Host

1202

Give the precise location of the heart in the human body.

Thorax / slightly left of sternum

1203

Suggest the most suitable temperature to make skin cells grow for a skin graft.

37°C

1204

What does the letter ‘t’ stand for in tRNA?

Transfer

1205

Where does reabsorption of salt take place within the kidney?

medulla or Loop of Henle or convoluted tubule

1206

For what purpose did you use an anaerobic jar in the course of your practical activities?

To see if O2 is necessary for germination / to limit or reduce O2

1207

Give a location for a meristem.

Tip of shoots or roots

1208

Name one organ of excretion, other than the kidney, in the human body.

Lungs, skin

1209

Neurons produce neurotransmitter substances. What is their function?

to carry impulse/ across synapse (gap)

1210

What structure(s) protects the heart?

Pericardium / rib cage

1211

During translation one end of a tRNA molecule attaches to an mRNA codon. What is usually attached to the other end of the tRNA molecule?

An amino acid

1212

For what purpose did you use a cover slip in the course of your practical activities?

To examine a specimen / to reduce evaporation / to hold specimen in place / to protect lens or microscope

1213

Give a function of the guard cell.

Controls opening and closing of stomata

1214

An organ for churning of food to chime is the …

Stomach

1215

Symbiotic bacteria in the large intestine produce …

Vitamins B and K

1216

Biomolecules of the general formula Cx(H2O)y are examples of …

Carbohydrates

1217

What type of cell division, mitosis or meiosis, is involved in tissue culture?

Mitosis

1218

For what purpose did you use a buffer solution in the course of your practical activities?

To keep pH constant

1219

What are the two main events in the replication of DNA?

(DNA) opens (or unzips) / new strands (made)

1220

Name the upper chambers of the heart.

Atria or auricles

1221

Give two functions of water in a living organism.

Component of cytoplasm and body fluids / excellent solvent / most chemical reactions take place in water / reactant in photosynthesis / product of respiration / given off to the atmosphere in transpiration / component of sweat and urine / involved in osmosis /  helps control the shape of cells / needed for germination

1222

Is energy release a feature of anabolic or catabolic reactions?

Catabolic

1223

How do fats differ from oils at room temperature?

Fats are solid, oils are liquids

1224

For what purpose did you use Methylene blue in the course of your practical activities?

To stain (animal/plant) cells / nucleic acids

1225

Name the test or give the chemicals used to detect the presence of protein in a food sample.

Biuret test Copper sulphate & sodium hydroxide

1226

Name the base in DNA that pairs with cytosine.

Guanine

1227

Name a structural polysaccharide.

Cellulose, chitin

1228	Name the valve between the upper and lower chambers on the left-hand side.								Bicuspid valve
1229	Name two gases that enter or leave the leaf.								Oxygen and carbon dioxide
1230	For what purpose did you use sodium alginate in the course of your practical activities?								To immobilise enzymes (or yeast cells) /to make beads
1231	To what organ does the ureter link the kidney?								Bladder
1232	Give an example of a reflex action in humans.								Knee jerk or ankle kerk
1233	What is a tropism?								Growth of a plant in response to a stimulus
1234	Waves of contractions passing along the gut is …								Peristalsis
1235	Give one other application of tissue culture apart from skin grafting.								Cancer research, plant propagation
1236	For what purpose did you use IAA in the course of your practical activities?								(To examine the effect of) growth regulators (on plants) / to stimulate plant growth / to inhibit plant growth.
1237	What is the average resting human heart rate?								72
1238	Give the names of the two processes involving DNA which take place during interphase.								uncoiling / transcription / replication or duplication
1239	Explain the term diploid number.								Chromosomes in pairs (two sets of chromosomes.)
1240	What is a plant growth regulator?								Controls the growth (of a plant)
1241	What type of teeth grinds food into smaller pieces?								Premolars and Molars
1242	For what purpose did you use freezer-cold alcohol in the course of your practical activities?								To bring DNA out of solution / to isolate DNA
1243	To which main blood vessel does the renal artery link the kidney?								Aorta
1244	What term is used to describe a group of disorders of the body in which cells lose the normal regulation of mitosis?								Cancer
1245	Give two factors which cause an increase in heart rate.								Exercise / stress / anxiety / drugs / infection
1246	As a result of her observations a scientist may formulate a … She will then progress her investigation by devising a series of … and then carefully analysing the resulting …								Hypothesis / Experiments / Data
1247	For which purpose did you use brown paper or Sudan III in food testing?								Test for fat (or lipid or oil)
1248	Answer the following questions in relation to your investigation into the growth of leaf yeast. 1.       From what plant did you obtain the yeast? 2.       Name the nutrient medium on which you grew the yeast.								1.        Any valid plant e.g. Ash / Privet … 2.        (nutrient) Agar
1249	Give a function of the myelin sheath.								Insulation of neurons / speeds up impulse transmission
1250	Name an enzyme that turns fats to fatty acids and glycerol.								Lipase
1251	For convenience of study, mitosis is divided into four stages. List these in order.								Prophase / Metaphase / Anaphase / Telophase
1252	Write a balanced equation to represent aerobic respiration.								C6H12O6 + 6O2 à E + 6CO2 + 6H2O
1253	Name the blood vessels that bring oxygen to the heart muscle.								Coronary arteries
1254	Outline the steps you followed to get the yeast cells onto the nutrient medium when investigating the growth of leaf yeast.						Leaf (or leaf section) stuck to lid / tweezers / stuck with what /of Petri dish / Yeast-side down / dish left agar-side down / 24 hours.
1255	For which purpose did you use Biuret solution or alkaline copper sulphate in food testing?								Test for (soluble) protein
1256	Which part of the female reproductive system is influenced by both FSH and LH?								Ovary
1257	Give two biological advantages of breastfeeding.	gives a baby all the nutrients it needs in exactly the right proportions for optimum development / is a source of antibodies which are passed on to the baby to protect it against allergies and illness / can cause a cessation of menstruation
1258	Why are reflex actions important in humans?								fast response or defence against injury
1259	What is the role of the motor neuron?								A nerve cell which carries an impulse from the CNS
1260	Answer the following questions in relation to your investigation into the growth of leaf yeast. 1.       How long did it take for the yeast to become visible on the nutrient medium?     2.       How did you recognise the yeast?								1.        ≥ 72 hours / 3 days 2.        Pink colonies / spots
1261	Name the fluid present in the ureter.								Urine
1262	For which purpose did you use petroleum jelly in the investigation of the growth of leaf yeast on agar plates?								Attach leaves (or leaf parts)
1263	Explain why the walls of the lower chambers of the heart are thicker than the walls of the upper chambers.								They have to pump blood further
1264	What is a habitat?								The place where an organism lives
1265	Name the process by which the gases move in or out of the leaf.								Diffusion
1266	Describe one aseptic technique you carried out during the investigation of the growth of leaf yeast.								Swab bench with disinfectant / sterilise instrument / Petri dish face downwards on bench
1267	List three abiotic factors that you investigated.								Temperature, Light intensity, Air speed, Water current, Humidity, ­pH
1268	In the case of a named organism give an adaptation feature that you noted.								Greenfly / colour – camouflage
1269	For which purpose did you use antiseptic wash solution in the investigation of the growth of leaf yeast on agar plates?								To prevent contamination or described
1270	What substance emulsifies fats?								Bile
1271	Name the two vascular tissues found in a vascular bundle.								Xylem / phloem
1272	Name the coloured part of the eye.								Iris
1273	The first stage of respiration takes place in the cytosol. What is the cytosol?								Cytoplasm without the organelles
1274	Why is a control especially important in biological investigations?								As a standard for comparison
1275	Give an example of a growth regulator that promotes growth.								auxin or IAA or NAA or ethylene (ethene)
1276	For which purpose did you use freezer-cold ethanol while extracting DNA from plant tissue?								To separate (or see) the DNA
1277	What is meant by an enzyme’s optimum pH?								This is the pH at which an enzyme works best at.
1278	What is the function of the pupil in the eye?								To allow light in
1279	What is an ecosystem?								A community of living organisms interacting with one another and their environment
1280	Give one function of each of the following: 1. Dermal tissue, 2. Ground tissue					Dermal: protection or example of protection e.g. water loss, infection or comment on Turgor Ground: food storage / storage of waste / photosynthesis / strength / support
1281	From your study of ecology explain the term fauna								Animals
1282	Waste management is a matter of growing concern in Ireland as the population expands. Outline three problems associated with waste disposal.								disease / pollution / toxins / smell / unsightly / other valid named problem
1283	Explain the following terms which are used in genetics: homozygous, recessive, phenotype		Homozygous: Has identical alleles [for a trait] Recessive: Allele whose expression is masked by dominant allele Phenotype: Physical appearance of an organism
1284	In which part of the eye would you find the rods and cones?								The Retina
1285	For which purpose did you use washing-up liquid or other detergent while extracting DNA from plant tissue?								(Detergent) breaks down membranes
1286	If a scientist wished to determine the effect of a certain herbicide on weed growth she would include a control in the investigation. Suggest a suitable control in this case.								no herbicide or implied
1287	Does the first stage of respiration release a small or large amount of energy?								Small amount
1288	From your study of ecology explain the term food web								Interconnected food chains or more than one species at each trophic level
1289	Suggest two methods of waste minimisation.								reduce consumption / reduce packaging / recycle / reuse
1290	What is the function of the cones in the retina of the eye?								To detect colour / Colour vision / Bright light
1291	In which of the vascular tissues does water transport occur?								Xylem
1292	What is the significance of the fact that the two allele pairs are located on different chromosome pairs?								they assort independently or greater variation
1293	For which purpose did you use an aquatic plant such as pondweed rather than a terrestrial plant when investigating the rate of photosynthesis?								To see (or measure ) gas (or bubbles) [negative for terrestrial plants]
1294	Distinguish between mechanical and chemical digestion.		Mechanical: Breakdown of food by physical means e.g. peristalsis Chemical: Breakdown of food molecules by enzymes
1295	What are symbiotic bacteria?								Bacteria living in the colon / produce vitamins B2 and K / body absorbs these vitamins
1296	Choose a term from the following list to match the description. Alcohol, Oxygen, Water, Mitochondria, Lactic acid, Large A substance required for aerobic respiration.								Oxygen
1297	From your study of ecology explain the term biotic factor								Living (organism’s influence on another organism)
1298	Explain how the small intestine is adapted for the absorption of the products of digestion.							large surface area (folding) or good blood supply or lymph supply or (lining) one cell thick or long or villi or microvilli
1299	Where in the cell does the second stage of aerobic respiration take place?								Mitochondria
1300	State one way in which xylem is adapted for water transport.								Narrow / tubes / continuous / hollow
1301	For which purpose did you use methylene blue or iodine solution when examining cells with the microscope?								As a stain or to see more clearly
1302	Choose a term from the following list to match the description. Alcohol, Oxygen, Water, Mitochondria, Lactic acid, Large The amount of energy released in aerobic respiration.								Large
1303	What is meant by excretion?								Removal of the waste products of metabolism
1304	What does an ecologist mean by competition?								When two or more organisms fight for a resource that is in short supply
1305	From your study of ecology explain the term symbiosis								Relationship between (different) species in which at least one benefits
1306	From which blood vessel is the afferent arteriole derived?								Renal artery
1307	Name the part(s) of the digestive system in which the following are absorbed into the blood. 1. The products of digestion, 2. Water.				1. ileum or villi [allow duodenum or small intestine] 2. Colon [allow any named part from stomach onwards]
1308	Choose a term from the following list to match the description. Alcohol, Oxygen, Water, Mitochondria, Lactic acid, Large A product of anaerobic respiration in muscles.								Lactic acid
1309	Give an example of each of a growth regulator that inhibits growth.								auxin or IAA or NAA or abscisic acid or ethylene (ethene)
1310	What is a hypothesis?								Educated guess or (possible) explanation
1311	In which direction does water transport take place?								Up
1312	Give an example of waste produced in agriculture or fisheries or forestry and describe how it is managed.			Agriculture e.g. Slurry / dilute / on dry land / a fertilizer. Fisheries e.g. Heads, neutralise waste / pulped and dried / fertiliser or pig feed. Forestry e.g. Small branches / humus / Large branches / wood products.
1313	From your study of ecology explain the term habitat								(Place) where a species (or an organism) lives
1314	Choose a term from the following list to match the description. Alcohol, Oxygen, Water, Mitochondria, Lactic acid, Large A product of aerobic respiration.								Water
1315	What is fermentation?								Anaerobic respiration or production of alcohol from starch and sugars
1316	The use of replicates is an important aspect of scientific research. What, in this context, are replicates?								duplicates of an experiment or procedure
1317	What is meant by sex-linked?								Gene located on X- chromosome or on Y-chromosome
1318	Why is a control normally used when carrying out an experiment?								Comparison (with experiment)
1319	Name a process involved in the passage of the products of digestion into the blood.								Diffusion
1320	Choose a term from the following list to match the description. Alcohol, Oxygen, Water, Mitochondria, Lactic acid, Large A product of anaerobic respiration in yeast.								Alcohol
1321	Which organ is attached to the kidney by the ureter?								Bladder
1322	From your study of ecology explain the term ecosystem								Organisms and their (interactions with) environment
1323	What is a denatured enzyme?								An enzyme that has been destroyed by excessive heat, pH, etc. This enzyme will not 'work' again
1324	Urea and carbon dioxide are excretory products of the human body. In the case of each product name a substance from which it is derived.								Urea: protein or amino acid Carbon dioxide: carbohydrate or named example or fat or named example of fat or fatty acids
1325	Name a structure in the human digestive system, other than teeth, which is involved in mechanical digestion								tongue or oesophagus or stomach or small intestine or named part of small intestine
1326	Choose a term from the following list to match the description. Alcohol, Oxygen, Water, Mitochondria, Lactic acid, Large The cell structures in which Stage 2 of aerobic respiration takes place.								Mitochondria
1327	Name the cavity of the body in which the heart and lungs are located.								Thoracic or chest
1328	Give one example of the use of micro-organisms in waste management.								landfill sites / sewage treatment plants / digesters / compost heaps
1329	Answer the following in relation to a lipase: 1. Where is it secreted? 2. Where does it act? 3. What is the approximate pH at its site of action?							1. pancreas 2. duodenum or small intestine or ileum 3. 7 - 9 inclusive
1330	From your study of ecology explain the term biosphere								Part(s) of earth that supports life
1331	In which part of the kidney does filtration of the blood occur?								From the glomerulus into the capsular space of Bowman’s capsule in the cortex
1332	True or False. The liver produces bile.								True
1333	Is oxygen required for the second stage of aerobic respiration?								Yes
1334	Suggest where a scientist may publish the results of her investigations.								(scientific) journal or named journal
1335	State one way in which heart muscle differs from other muscles in the body.								Doesn’t tire             [
1336	Give two activities of symbiotic bacteria in the human digestive system.				digestion / production of vitamins / benefit immune system / compete with other micro-organisms [allow one reference to harmful activity]
1337	Where in the kidney is Bowman’s Capsule located?								Cortex
1338	True or False. The semicircular canals in the ear are involved in balance.								True
1339	Name the openings in the leaf which allow the entry of carbon dioxide for photosynthesis. State a factor which influences the diameter of these openings.								Stomata light or CO2 or potassium ions (K+) or wind or turgidity of guard cells or water availability or high temperature
1340	Explain the term excretion.								Removal of the waste products of metabolism
1341	The genetic code is contained within the DNA of chromosomes. Briefly describe the nature of this code.						three bases (triplet or codon) / in sequence / (codes for) one amino acid /(base or triplet or codon) sequence / codes for protein
1342	What is a virus made up of?								Protein coat / Nucleic acid or DNA or  RNA
1343	Water enters the outermost cells of the root by osmosis. What does this tell you about the cell sap of these outermost cells?								lower water concentration or higher solute concentration
1344	True or False. The growth response of a plant to light is called phototropism.								True
1345	Give three roles of the skeleton.								support / movement / protection / anchorage for muscle / gives shape / blood production
1346	Suggest a situation in which some cells in the human body may not be able to engage in the second stage of aerobic respiration								lack of oxygen or exercise or restricted blood supply
1347	Suggest two situations which may result in a drop in the water content of the blood.								infection / hot conditions or perspiration or exercise / high salt intake / low water intake / diuretic(s)
1348	Name two substances excreted by the kidneys.								Water / Salts / Urea
1349	Briefly describe how viruses reproduce.					Attachment / (viral) nucleic acid into (host) cell / uses host structures (or described) / part(s) replicated  / virus assembly / release (or lysis)
1350	True or False. Tendons attach bone to bone.								False
1351	During photosynthesis oxygen is produced. 1. From what substance is oxygen produced? 2. In which stage of photosynthesis is oxygen produced? 3. Give two possible fates of oxygen following its production.								1. water 2. light (dependent) stage 3. respiration / (diffuses) to atmosphere
1352	When the water content of the blood drops a hormone is released. 1.       Name this hormone and the endocrine gland from which it is secreted. 2.       Give a precise target area for this hormone. 3.       How does the hormone reach the target area? 4.       Explain the role of the hormone at its target area, when the water content of the blood is low.								1.ADH (vasopressin) / pituitary 2.distal tubule or collecting duct 3.in the blood 4.(makes walls) more permeable (resulting in) more absorption of water
1353	Describe how minerals such as nitrates enter the root of a plant from the soil.								Active transport
1354	What is meant by non-coding DNA?								does not code for a protein or for RNA
1355	In photosynthesis water (H2O) is split into three products. 1. Name these three products. 2. State what happens to each of these products.						1. protons (H+) / electrons / oxygen 2. electrons pass to chlorophyll / ATP / protons stored / NADPH / used in dark phase oxygen released into air/ respiration
1356	True or False. A motor neuron carries impulses to the brain.								False