Irish Regular verbs

Okay so I am a bit short on time as I am moving up to Dublin to go to college on Saturday so instead of typing up all the notes i have just scanned my note book and will post the pictures on this.

This is what to do for all regular verbs in Irish to put them into the Aimsir caite, aimsir láitreach, Aimsir Fháistineach, Módh coinníollach and Gnáth Chaith.



It is divided up into Céad Reimnú and Dara Reimnú verbs.

Céad reimnú verbs have one syllable, eg Rith, or two syllables if there is a fada on the second syllable eg Taispeáin

Dara Reimnú verbs are all the other verbs (except for the 11 irregular verbs which i will deal with in my next post)



In each of these two groups they are divided into Leathan and caol endings.

Leathan (broad) verbs are verbs in which the last vowel is either a, o, or u.

Caol (slender) verbs are verbs in which the last vowel is either i, or e.

If you have any queries about how this is laid out or are unsure of any of it please comment and i will be happy to explain it to you :)

My next post will have the 11 irregular verbs done out in full in the same 5 tenses. 

I'm back! Sorry about the delay :/

Hi everybody :)

I know it has been ages since i have posted on this, I apologise. I have been extremely busy with work and getting ready for college.

Got my leaving cert results back, am delighted with them. I got 540 points which was more than enough for the course i wanted. I am now going to become a primary school teacher :)

I will continue posting notes etc up here so that hopefully you too can be successful in your exams and get the points for the course you desire to do.

If you have any questions or suggestions or are looking for notes on a particular topic don't hesitate to ask I am more than happy to help if I can.

I have Irish verb notes here I am going to post in a few minutes, other stuff will be up in the next few weeks.

Bye for now,

Sophie.

History Essay - Winston Churchill

How Effective a Wartime Leader was Winston Churchill between 1940 and 1945

On the 10th of May 1940, Winston Churchill became Prime Minister of Britain. He has a long career in politics before the Second World War broke out in 1939. In the 1930's he has warned against the dangers of the Nazis and was opposed to the policy of appeasement and the Munich conference. Neville Chamberlain appointed Churchill to the war cabinet in charge of the Royal Navy in 1939. Churchill succeeded Chamberlain as Prime Minister on 10th May 1940. Chamberlain had resigned due to the failure of appeasement and the Munich Conferences and because Hitler took Norway before he did. The day Churchill took over was the same day as the France invasion. He took over at a time when Britain needed strong leadership and that is what he gave them. He was the ideal war leader. He was enthusiastic and inspiring to the British people.

When the British and French soldiers were trapped at Dunkirk by the Nazi army he organised Operation Dynamo. While the RAF defended the air, hundreds of British boats ad ships crossed the English Channel over 10 days and rescued 300,000 soldiers. Churchill turned this defeat into a victory by his inspiring speeches which boosted morale among the British people and saved the army for D-day.

In August 1940, Hitler began Operation Sea lion. He had expected that Churchill would sue for peace as they were now completely alone in Europe, but Churchill said they would "never surrender." Hitler then has no choice but to invade Britain although he was disappointed at this. First he had to get control of the air. For this he needed to destroy the RAF. He began by bombing the ships and the RAF airfields and radar stations but then he began to bomb cities, especially London, instead. HE was trying to break the morale of the people. Churchill's leadership was inspiring and motivating during the Blitz. He kept up the morale of the people as he didn't leave London, he stayed with the people event though he could have been killed. He was also out on the streets everyday with the people. He encouraged them to continue their lives as normally as possible. He praised the RAF pilots by saying, "Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few." He kept u the spirits of people which encourages them to continue fighting. In the middle of September, Hitler postponed the invasion and by October he called it off. This was his first defeat. He didn't have the commitment or the desire to invade Britain. This is because Hitler didn't really want to invade Britain, he admired them and wished for them to form an alliance, it is thought.

Churchill worked well with the American President Roosevelt. His friendship with Roosevelt was crucial to Britain in the war as they agreed the Lend-Lease Act of 1941 which gave supplies to Britain without charge. America also gave them 50 ships. America has great resources, the arsenal of democracy. Although the transatlantic alliance helped Britain to continue the war, Churchill became too overdependent on America and not on the Common Wealth. Because of this, when America joined the war, Britain just went along with America and after the war the Empire began to fall apart.

Britain was kept supplied during the war by ships coming across the Atlantic. Hitler wanted to close off Britain's supply lines which would force them to surrender. In the Battle of the Atlantic, Hitler's U-boats tried to sink the supply ships. To stop them, Churchill had war ships with the convoys to protect supplies. He broke the German enigma code by setting up the Ultra code so they would know where the U-boats were so they could avoid them. Churchill said that he feared the U-boats the most because, as Britain was an island, if supply lines were blocked they wouldn't survive. Britain won the Battle of the Atlantic and survived.

Churchill and Roosevelt had a strong bond even before America entered the war. Their success was increased because they met several times face to face to discuss things. They met for the first time just off Newfoundland in 1941. Here they agreed the Atlantic Charter. They were planning the for the world for after the war. The second time they met was in Casablanca in 1943. This conference was after the Battle of El Alemain. Italy had tried to take the Suez Canal which would block British supply lines to the Empire. Churchill appointed Montgomery as commander of the Eight Army. Montgomery defeated the Germans under Rommel in October 1942 which saved the oil supplies from the Middle East. The Americans then came to help under Eisenhower. In Casablanca they planned Operation Husky, to invade Italy. The next time the pair met was in November/December 1943 in Teheran and Stalin was also present this time. Stalin urged them to open a second front in France as he was fighting the Germans in Russia. They planned D-day for May 1944. Churchill had doubts about D-day as in World War 1 he had organised an attack on an open beach in Turkey and it failed so he did not want to make the same mistake twice. However Roosevelt and Stalin wanted it so Churchill went along with their plan. The invasion was known as Operation Overlord. They were to land on the beaches of Normandy. On the 6th of June 1944, thousands of ships, soldiers and tanks landed on five beaches in Normandy. They had made mulberries, artificial harbours, to bring across the channel. Oils supplies were brought by Pluto, an underwater pipeline that crossed the channel. By August 1944 the Allies broke out of Normandy were headed for Paris, which they captured on August 24th. It was a great success for the Allies.

The forth time the Allies met was in Yalta in February 1945. Again the three leaders were present. This conference was mainly all Stalin as he got part of Poland which had been agreed between himself and Hitler in 1939. He also controlled a lot of Eastern Europe. They agreed to divide Germany in four parts after the war, and to set up the United Nations. Russia agreed to help America in the war against Japan, 3 months after the war in Europe ended. Churchill had gone to war in the beginning over Poland and now he was just letting Stalin take it.

During the conference in Potsdam in July/August 1945, there was elections in Britain. The result was that Churchill had lost and Attlee was the new Prime Minister, so Churchill had to return home in the middle of the conference.

Churchill was a brilliant war leader but he was more effective early on in the war. He became too dependant on Roosevelt and after a while it was really only Stalin and Roosevelt making the big decisions. This may have led to him losing the election. Also, when the election was held the war was over. Churchill had been in politics for many years but the people knew he was not as effective during peace, so this may have caused him to lose.

History essay - dictators power

How Did dictators use propaganda and terror to maintain their power

Two of the main stratagies that dictators such as Mussilini, Stalin and hitler used to maintain their power were propaganda and terror

Propaganda is spreading information, trying to convince people of your point of view. Newspapers, radio, posters and speechs were just some of the methods used to spread information, whether it be true, partly-true or lies.

Mussolini was a very clever propagandist. He had been a teacher so he was aware of the importance of targeting the youth of society. He had also been a journalist so he was good at playing words and convincing others of his ideas.

Education played a big role with Mussolini. He used education to teach children to be odediant and patriotic. They were taught that "Il Duce" would make Italy great again. History books were re-written to highlight the glories of Ancient Rome. Only facist teachers could teach in schools. Boys learned to become good fighters and girls to become good mothers.Youth Groups were set up and both boys and girls had to join and go after school. From the ages of 4-18, they progressed through the different groups such as th Balilla. Children were now getting propaganda inside and outside school.

Mussolini controlled the press and radio. No press was allowed that was opposing Mussolini. Existing press and radio was made to serve the facist reigime. He gave out over one million radios at low cost or else free so he could talk directly to people in their own homes. He also organised huge rallies.

Sport was also important to Mussolini as it created fit, young men and achievements cold be used for nationalist propaganda. The 1934 World Cup took place in Rome. They built many stadii across Italy. Italy won the 1934 World Cup and retained it in 1938. Primo Carnea was an Italian boxer who became a national hero after winning the world championship.

A cult of personality was set up around Mussolini. He was called Il Duce, the leader. They used photographs, newspapers, radio, cinema and newsreel film to create the image of a great leader. He was seen as all-wise and all-talented. The animal lover, sports man, worker, and ordinary man. Overall superman. Children in school were taught the "Mussolini is always right." He was seen as the new Caeser

A cult of personality was also set up around Stalin. Stalin used statutes,, posters, stamps, music, art and poetry all as forms of propaganda. He even named streets and cities  after himself. History was rewritten so make him look like a hero in the civil war. All the propaganda made him like an equal to Lenin. He was seen as the new Lenin. He was worshiped as a god while he was still alive.

The 1936 constitution which allowed freedom of speech freedom of press and the right to vote was just a shoe. It was fake. Propaganda to the rest of the world. He used show triails as propaganda as well. Any problems in the economy, or if targets were not met, could be blamed on the accused, not him.

Hitler was a master of propaganda and an outstanding speaker. He spoke to their heart and used their emothions to his advantage. He used siple slogans that were easy to remember. All the uniforms salutes and mass rallies gave an impression of strength, unity and belonging.  He used film and gramophone records of Nazi speeches, he had a plane which allowed him to be in many parts of Germany in one day. It gave a superman impression coming down from the sky. Joseph Goebells was Hilter's minister of propaganda. All press and radio were under Nazi control. They burned books containing antinazi ideas from authors such as Hemingway and Freuid. He created only one newspaper, The People's Observer. A small black radio that oly resieved Nazi stations was available very cheap. By 1939, 70% of Germans had a radio. Loudspeakers were placed on streets and in bars also. Short wave radio was used to broadcast to places like Austria Sudentanland and Poland.

Cinema and film was also used. Leni Reitenstah was the main film maker. She amde the Trimuph of the Will, 1934, which was based on the nuremberg rallies. A raly was hed in Nuremberg every year. The huge gatherinng gave a sense of order, strenght and unity in a chaotic society. Hitler was the centre. It was Hitler and the crowd. Pure theatre ad propaganda with marching, aprades banners and speechs. Albert Speer was the organiser.She also made the film Olympia about the 1936 olympics in Berin. A huge 100,000 seater stadium was built. Local television broadcasted the event and radio broadcasted in 50 languauges. t was a huge propaganda event.

Hitler used education to teach young Germans to be loyal, obediant Nazis. Every subject served the Nazi cause. They got propaganda not knowledge. Boys had to join Hilter Youthand girls, the league of German Madains. Hitler refered to the Germans as the master race. He thought they were superior.

Dictators also used terror as a way to maintain power. They used methods like secret police, executions, imprisonment, camps and unfair triails to cause fear in people so they wouldnt oppose or go against them.

In Italy, Mussolini set up the OVRA and Blackshirts as well as a special court for anyone who opposed him. Individual freedom was abolished. 4,000 were imprisoned and 10 were killed. Imprisoned people were sent to remote islands. He has some anti-semtic laws but he wasn't anto-semtic and didnt really inforce them they wre just to please Hitler. He was never as brutal as Stalin or Hitler.

Stalin set up the NKVD to enforce party policy. He set up the Cheka. When he wanted to elimate the Kulaks he sent groups to the countryside to kill them or send them to labour camps. He set up showtriails which were triails against any opposition to Stalin or people Stalin feared. There was no defence, and the accused were tortured before the trails to write confessions. The 1st trail got rid of Zinoviev and Kamenev and 14 other party members. The 2nd was of party memebers who supported Trotsky. There were 17, 13 of which were shot and 4 sent to labour camps. There was also the secret amry purge were 35,000 officers were shot or jailed. The 3rd show triail was of the secret police including their leader, Yagoda, who had carried out the previous showtriails.

Hilter set up the SA and then enlisted them as the police force. He also set up the SS. In June 1934, Hilter used the SS to kill the leaders of the SA. Over 1,000 people were killed including people who weren't in the SA, Hitler just didn't like them. He orgaised this because the SA, under Rohm, were planning a people's army and Hitler didn't like the idea. The SS, underHimmler, were the most important of all Nazi orgaisations. They carried out Hitler's racial policies and ran camps. The Waffen SS were a special army that wet into countries Germany had invaded and killed any opposition. The Gestapo were another police who were led by Reinhard Heydrick. They were feared by the ordinary German people. There were no fair trails. 500 were trailed and executed for opposing Hitler before the war stared.

Concentration camps and labour camps were set up. The first being Dachau outside Munich in March 1933. Communist s were sent there after they were blamed for the Reichstag fire. He had many anti semtic laws and treated jews very badly and then began killing them off in huge number.

Terror and Propaganda were two effective methods used by Mussolini, Hitler and Stalin to maintain their power and conrolling a totalitarian state.





I got an A2 for this essay, hope it is a help :)

Irish Essay HL - old and new in Ireland

This is another saple Irish essay that i wrote and got an A on, the title is "An sean is an Nua in Éirinn" which is the old and the new in Ireland.

An Sean is an Nua in Éirinn

Is mór idir inniu ague inné agus gan aon amhras is tír an-difriúil í Éire anois ná a bhí anseo, céad, nó fiú caoga, bliain ó shin! Tá go leor athruithe móra déanta i ngach gné den saol.

Tá stíl maireachtála, agus caighdeán maireachtála, an-difriúil againn ná a bhí ag na hÉireannaigh san am atá thart. Fadó, bhí tromlach na ndaoine ina gcónaí faoin tuath. Feirmeoirí ab ea iad don chuid is mó. Ba shaol simplí, ciúin a bhí acu. Bhí a lán sráidbhailte beaga ar fud na tíre agus bhí aithne ag gach duine ar a gcomharsan agus chabhraigh siad lena chéile. Sa lá atá inniu ann tá an saol thar a bheith difriúil. Anois, tá tromlach na ndaoine ina gcónaí i mbailte ague cathracha na tíre. Tá meath déanta le feirmeoireacht agus tá comhlachtaí móra ann anois. Tá daoine gafa le hábhárachas agus le hairgead agus tá saol gnóthach neamphearsanta acu anois.

In Éirinn fadó, bhí an clann an-tábhachtach. Tá sé fós  tábhachtach na laethanta seo ach bíonn teaghlaigh ag briseadh suas agus pósta ag scaradh. Bíonn páistí tabharta agus daoine ina gcónaí le chéile gan a bheith pósta. Is gnáth rudaí iad na laethanta seo ach cúpla bliain ó shin, rudaí náireach uafásach ab ea iad. Tá athrú déanta ag meon an tsochaí agus anois níl daoine chomh cúngaigeantach is a bhí siad.

Ba tír an tradisúnta í Éire lena nósanna féin. Bhí teanga na ghaeilge, damsha gaelach agus ceol tradiúnta tábhachtach agus go forleathan sa tír. Sa lá atá inniu ann is tír ilchúltúra í Éire. I rith an Tíogar Cheiltigh tháinig a lán daoine anseo ó thíortha eile ag lorg postanna agus caighdéan  maireachtála níos fearr. Anois dá shúilfeá timpeall cathracha na hÉireann, chloisfeá go leor teangacha éagsúla. Tháinig a lán daoine ar imirce go dtí Éire agus thóg siad a gcultúra féin leo. Anuas ar sin, tá meath déanta ag teanga na nGaeilge agus anois ní labhraíonn ach mionlach na ndaoine í.

Ceann de na hathruithe is mó atá déanta ná tionchar na heaglaise. In Éirinn fadó, bhí a lán cumhacht ag an Eaglais Caitliceach. Chuaigh cuid mhór de dhaoine go hAifreann gach seachtain agua ba dhuine an tábhachach é an tsagart sa sochaí. Tháinig íslú mór ar an tionchar sin i rith na blianta agus níl an tionchar céanna ag an eaglais anois. Ní théann an méad céanna daoine go hAifreann. Bíonn siad ró-ghnóthach agus níl an suim céanna acu san Aifreann. Tá níos mó reiligiúin eile sa tír seo na laethanta seo ach oiread.

Tá athrú mór déanta le hoideachas freisin. San am ata thart, chuaigh daoine go bunscoil ach ní dheachaigh gach duine go meanscoil agus níor fhreastal ach mionlach na ndaoine éirimúla saibhre ar choláiste tríú leibhéal. Na laethanta seo, tá níos mó tabhacht ag baint leis an oideachas agus téann beagnach gach duine go meanscoil agus tromlach na ndaoine óga go tríú leibhéal.

Ta córas sláinte níos fearr againn anois ná riamh freisin. Tá dochtúirí agus áiseanna níos fearr againn agus is féidir le dochuiúirí níos mó galair a leigheas anois. Ach ar an lámh eile, tá daoine níos míshlántúla anois freisin. Bíonn an iomarca daoine ag suí an lá ar fad ag féachaint ar an teilifís nó ar an ríomhaire. Itheann siad go leor bia míshlántúla agus téann siad go bialainn gairm gásta go minic. Mar sin tá méad na ngailir croí, diaibéites agus galair eile ag dul in olcas. Fadó, bhí níos mó daoine ag obair taobh amuigh san aer gach lá agus fuair siad níos mó cleachtadh coirp. Ní raibh siad ag ithe bia chaoithiúlacht agus bia gairm gásta. D'fhás siad a nglásaraí féin agus bhí bia nádurta, úr acu.

An athrú is soléire ná an dul chun cinn sa teicneolaíocht. D'athraíodh ár saol de bharr an teicneolaíocht nua atá le fáil na laethanta seo. Sampla amháin den athrú seo ná i gcursaí cumersáide. Fadó, scríobh daoine litreacha chun caint le daoine eile, agus anois tá fón poca ag beagnach gach duine agus seoltar ríomhphoist de bharr an t-idirlín, agus anois tá ré na litreacha scríofa marbh. Tá níos mó ná teilifís amháin i mbeagnach gach teach na laethanta seo agus is féidir le tromlach na ndaoine dul ar líne.

I mo thuairim, is tír an difriúil í Éire anois ná san am atá thart ar mhórán chúiseanna. Tá go leor athruithe déanta mar a luaigh mé agus tá athruaithe eile freisin mar shampla an ardú i gcumhacht na meáin chumarsáide agus an méad coiriúlacht ag dul in olcas, bhí na Sasanaigh i gceannas agus bhí a lán troideanna ach anois is tír síocánta í Éire agus is ball í den Aontas Eorpach. Níl an tír seo an tír céanna is a bhí anseo fadó, an rud maith é sin nó an drochrud é? Bhuel, fágfaidh mé an cinneadh sin leat féin.

English comparitive essay - relationships

For my comparative I studied the novel "how Many Miles To Babylon", the drama, "Dancing at Lughnasa" and the Film, "Inside I'm Dancing".

I dropped down to ordinary level so this comparative essay is done in the style of ordinary level questions, discussing only one text in the first half and the comparing it with a second text in the next part, however some of the points will be relevant and can be used at higher level as well if studying the theme of relationships. I have written my essay on Inside I'm Dancing and How many Miles to Babylon.




Two texts I have studied are, the novel, "How Many Miles to Babylon," by Jennifer Johnston, and the film, "Inside I'm Dancing," directed by Damien O'Donnell. I am going to discuss the relationship between Rory O'Shea and Michael Connolly in, "Inside I'm Dancing," and then compare it with the relationship between Alec Moore and Jerry Crowe in, "How Many Miles To Babylon."


Rory and Michael's first introduction was far from positive and their friendship was initially tense and fragile. Rory's rebellious, outspoken nature is in stark contrast to Michael's obedient, conservative personality. As a result, when Rory first arrives and Carraigmore, disturbing everybody with his loud, rude remarks, Michael feels intimidated by him and it seems unlike the pair would have anything in common. However, the one obvious link they do have is they are both physically disabled and confined to a wheelchair. Because of this, they have a mutual understanding that would not be possible with a physically abled person. They are both also somewhat immature in their own way. Rory acts like a stereotypical, rebellious teenager. Michael has a childish compliance, relying completely on the nurses without question. This immaturity helps their relationship to succeed as they help each other to grow up as the film progresses.

The first time Rory and Michael are connected as friends is in art class when Tommy says, "Ah fuck off, the pair of you." This is repeated in a later scene and yet again when the pair are leaving Carraigmore. At this time, Rory happily tells him, "We're fucking off, the pair of us!" They may not have been a pair when Tommy originally made the comment but they are now. After the art class, Michael begins to have an interest in Rory. Rory is starting to change Michael's view of the world. Michael is amazed that Rory is able to understand him and gets excited, wanting him to use his "gift" to help him. It is clear that Michael needs Rory, however, Michael has things to offer him as well. This is seen when Annie refuses to gel Rory's hair into his usual rebellious spikes. He asks Michael for help, although not politely, still calling him "Mary." Rory begins talking to him almost kindly and it is clear they are growing closer. Rory advises him on dressing well and Michael takes his advice, gelling his own hair too. Rory is shocked by Michael's lack of knowledge of the outside world, but instead of mocking him, he is sympathetic.

It is clear the pair are growing closer when Rory introduces Michale to his father and enquires about his family. He is shocked and angered by Michale's story and we see they have another thing in common; neither has a stable family background. Their relationship and dependence on one another is shown clearly when Michael applies for the Independent Living Allowance. Thanks to their ability to understand each other both verbally and emotionally, the two young men can at last begin to lead independent lives.
Rory's desire to be independent makes him a little selfish and insensitive at time.Siobhán and Michael refuse to him playing his music loudly and he reacts furiously to the introduction of rules. He is arrested for joyriding and seems oblivious to the worry and distress his actions have caused Michael and Siobhán. Siobhán becomes a source of conflict between them as Rory is jealous of the closeness between Michael and Siobhán. He bitterly remarks that Michael is turning their new home into Carraigmore when he decides to wait for Siobhán instead of going out with him. However, Rory still looks out for him, realising he is heading for heartbreak and advises him against telling Siobhán how he feels. He is protective of his friend and is pained by Michael's distress after Siobhán's rejection.

Siobhán's departure brings Rory and Michael together again. Michael is prepared to return to Carraigmore but Rory talks him out of it. He abandons his usual jokey manner and talks openly and honestly. Rory at last accepts responsibility for his actions and has matured enough to see that he should be more considerate of others. We believe Rory wants the best for Michael and is determined to help him lead his own life. He genuinely cares for his friend and the pair are united once again.

When Rory becomes ill, he becomes unfriendly once again and is distant from Michael and their new carer, Peter. He is hospitalised and the doctors tell Michael Rory is dying but that he would have been expecting it. For the first time we understand Rory's anger and his desperation to live life to the full. His references to Michael having the "gift" of the future and his determination to push him to make the most of his life now make sense. The pair's affection for each other is clear when they talk in hospital. Michael tells Rory he needs him but Rory says he does not need anyone, that he "is his own man now." From the first time Rory gave Michael the advice on hair and clothes, he has been guiding and helping him along the path to the life he now leads. The final piece to their friendship is in the last scene when Michael hears Rory;s voice in his head urging him to go out and make the most of the day. This shows the impact they made on each others lives and that Michael was right when he said Rory would live on in his heart.




Just as Michael and Rory appeared to have nothing in common at the beginning or "Inside I'm Dancing," Alec Moore and Jerry Crowe also seem to be complete opposites at the start of, "How Many Miles to Babylon." They were from completely different backgrounds. Alec was upper class, wealthy, and his family were concerned with their appearance and standing in society. Alec was also home-schooled so he would not have had much experience mixing with people his own age. Jerry, in complete contrast, was from a lower, working class background. The fact that the boys are opposites is similar to Rory and Michael, yet the reasons they are different is a contrast between the relationships. Rory and Michael had contrasting personalities whereas with Alec and Jerry they came from separate background. The two boys should never have become friends because in the 1930's when this novel is set, people of these two social classes did not mix. As a result, their friendship angered Alec's parents, "They wouldn't let us be friends." Similarly to Michael and Rory in, "Inside I'm Dancing," Alec and Jerry were initially wary and cautious of each other. However when Jerry invites Alec to swim with him in the lake, their friendship begins to grow.

Just Like Michael and Rory in "Inside I'm Dancing," had a mutual understanding due to their physical disabilities, Alec and Jerry also have a connection of a shared loneliness. They both understand the necessity of keeping their relationship hidden as they know their parents do not approve. Jerry tells Alec, "Your lot would care. Mine too if it came to it.One's as bad as the other." However, despite their parents efforts, the boys remain friends. They know how the other is feeling, just as Rory and Michael understand the difficulties the other faces from being confined to a wheelchair, whereas Alec and Jerry are confined by social class.

Neither Rory or Michael had a stable, loving family background in "Inside I'm Dancing," and the same is true of Alec and Jerry in, "How Many Miles to Babylon." Alec's parents care very little for what Alec wants and he does not have a close relationship with them. "I have not communicated with either my father or mother." They care more about money and their appearance in society then they do for their son's feelings and happiness. This is similar to Michael in "Inside I'm Dancing" as his father is more concerned with money and wants nothing to do with Michael once his wife died as he does not want the hassle of caring for his son. Jerry's parents are not featured in the novel which suggests he was not particularly close to them. He also says they would not approve of their friendship, "Neither would mine if it came to it." He appears to be alone and free to do as he wishes as he is at the races and drinking poteen. This is more similar to Rory in "Inside I'm Dancing." His dad is not a main character in the film and although he may try, he is unable to look after Rory and so Rory is free from parental constrictions.

Rory's jealousy of the closeness of Michael and Siobhán was a source of conflict between then in "Inside I'm Dancing," however, jealousy does not get between Alec and Jerry in "How Many Miles to Babylon," even though there is opportunities where it could have. Jerry could have been jealous when Alec was an officer even though he was only a soldier, but he never begrudged his friend for this. Also, Alec managed to stay close to Jerry and looked out for him while at war. He did not let the different rankings come between them, introducing him to his friend Bennett, despite Major Glenndinning's orders.

In the same way we see the love and affection Michael and Rory share at the end of "Inside I'm Dancing" when they talk in hospital, the love and affection is also obvious between Alec and Jerry at the end of, "How Many Miles to Babylon." Alec saves his friend the humiliation of being killed publicly by the firing squad and shoots Jerry himself. He did this even though he knew it would ensure he would be shot himself as a result and so he would have to endure the anguish he had spared his friend.

Neither Rory and Michael in "Inside I'm Dancing", or Alec and Jerry in "How Many Miles to Babylon", had a perfect relationship, yet they still overcame the obstacles and developed a love and affection for each other through their experiences, which creates a mutual happiness. It is clear that there are many similarities between these two relationships which shows the sharing common bonds and a mutual trust and support is essential in every relationship.

Irish HL sample "An Triail" answer

This is the answer i wrote for the question that cam up for An Triail. It is an answer I wrote myself so it is not perfect there maybe some other points that should added in etc but it is still a fairly good answer.

I dont have the paper with me now so do not now the exact wording of the question but it was someting like, pádraiig is not the only one to blame for Máire's demise.

Cé gur féidir linn a rá go raibh Padraig féinlárnach, mídhíolas agus fealltach, ní féidir linn an milleán iomlán a chur air as an tragóid úfásach a tharla sa dráma seo.

Ceapaim go raibh sé an glic agus mealta. Dúirt sé le Máire gan scríobh chuige agus gan a ainm a rá le aon duine. Is dunie mínáireach, leithleach, agus plámásach é. Glac sé buntáiste ar Mháire an t-am ar fad mar cailín óg sionneanta ab ea í. Bhí sé sotalach freisin. Is carachtair míthaitneamhach é mar tuigeann sé cad atá ar súil aige agus tuigeann sé cé chomh soineanta is atá Máire agus is Cuma leis.  An céad uair eile a fheicimid é ná I gníomh a dó, radharc a sé, nuair a thagann sé go dtí teach an mhí-chlú le Mailí. Glaoann se, “Striapach” ar Mháire agus ritheann sé amach as an áit faoi mar a dhéanadh cladhaire agus nuair a cloiseann sé go bhfuil iníon aige níl sé ag iarraidh fiú í a fheicáil.

Cinnte, caithfear a adhmháil go bhfuil chuid den locht ar Phadraig ach ní féidir an milleán iomlán a chur air. Caithfear an milleán a cur ar an sochaí iomlán de bharr an tragóid sa dráma seo agus go háirithe ar chlann Mháire féin.

 Féachaimís mar shampla ar Bean Uí Chathasaigh, máthair Máire. Bhí sí an ceartaiseach agus fimíneach ag an am céanna. Ní tugaim cén chaoi gur féidir le máthair caitheamh lena hiníon ar an mbealach sin. Bean an chrIstúil í ach bean an mhíchrístúil í friesin. Mar shampla, nuair a chuaigh sí isteach sa cúirt, dúirt sí, “ní ormsa is coir aon phioc den mhilleán a chur,” agus mhínigh sí don cúirt gur thóg sí, “go creidiúnach agus go críostúil” í. Faraor, bhí sí níos buartha faoii thuairim na chorsan ná mar a bhí sí faoina hiníon. Bean an leithleasach is ea í. Nuair a chuala sí go raibh Máire a súil le páiste, ba mhaith leí deireadh “a chur leis an ngin”. Ní raibh sí raimh sásta cabhrú le Máire. Ní raibh a deartháireacha, Liam agus Seán, aon phioc níos fear ná a máthair. Bhí Seán ag dul le sagairteoireacht agus bhí Liam ró-thógtha lena chailín cara Beití de Burca. Ba chuma leis an mbeirt acu cad a tharla do Mháire, cé go raibh a fhios acu go raibh a mhathair ró dhain uirthi. Is siombal é Seán den Eaglais Chaithliceach, agus chomh maith leis an sagairt sa bhfaoistin, ní dhearna sé “aon iarracht ar ghrá Dé nó ar charthanach chríostaí a thaispaint” do Mháire. Ní raibh an sagairt sásta aspalóid a thabhairt di sa bhfaointin.

Féachaimís anois ar Bean Uí Chinsealaigh. Nuair a chuaigh Máire suas go dtí an chathar, d’fhóstaigh an bhean seo í. Mathair ab ea í freisin agus bhí cúigear iníon aici. Cheapfá go mbeadh sí go maith do Mháire agus go cabhródh  sí leí, ach faraor, nímar sin a tharla. “Thuairim na chorsain” a bhí ag déanamh buartha di freisin. Mar sin, nair a fuair sí amach go raibh Máire ag iompair clainne, d’iarr sí ar an oibrí soisílta, Áine Ní Bhreasail, “teach tearmainn” a fháil di ionas nach mbeadh uirthi na páistí “ a fhágáil I mbaol caidreamh lena léithéid.” Ní duine ró chríostúilí mar sin. Ba chuma leí cad a tharla do chailín óg, soineanta ón tuaithe cosúil le Máire, cé gur máthair í féin freisin.

Ní raibh an bean lóistín aon phioc níos fear ná Bean Uí Chinsealaigh. Léirigh sí drochmheas di nuair a thit an teach anuas orthu agus níor chuimhin leí leanbh Mháire a shábháil in eineach lena páistí féin.

Aisteach go leor, ba iad Mailí agus Seáinín an Mhóthair, beirt a bhí imeallaithe ag an sochaí, an t-aon bheirt a léirigh aon grá nó carthanach di. Bhí Mailí an cheanúil uirthi agus thug sí dídean di nuair nach raibh éinne eile sásta é a dhéanamh agus feicimid cé chomh brónach is a bhí sí nuair a bhí Máire agus a leanbh Padraigín marbh. Dairíre is féidir a rá nach raibh brón ar aon duine eile nuair a tharla sé mar bhí said go léir ró-leithleach ag suimneamh orthu féin.

Thréig gach duine Máire, Padraig, athair an linbh, a Mathair, Bean Uí Chathasaigh, a deartháireacha, Liam agus Seán, an Eaglais Chaithliceach, agus an sochaí go hiomlán I bhfoirm bean Uí Chinsealaigh, an bean lóistín, an t-oibrí soisílta agus ar bhealach bainisteoir an mhonarcha freisin. Ní raibh duine ar bith sásta cabhrú leí ach Seáinín an Mhóthair agus Mailí (an bhean sráíde), beirt nach raobh aon mheas ag sochaí na seascaidí orthu. Mar sin, ní féidir a rá go bhfuil an locht iomlán ar Phadraig.

Irish higher level sample essay - poverty

This is an irish essay i wrote in 6th year, I got an A for it so i think it is good,

title is - The people of Ireland and the world do not care about poor people

Is cuma le muintir na hÉireann agus muintir an domhain faoi na bochtáin

            An mbíonn tú ag féachaint ar an teilifís, ag éisteacht leis an raidió, nó an léann tú na nuachtáin na laethanta seo? Bhuel, i mo thuairim, má dhéanann tú aon cheann de na nithe seo tá scéal éigin cloiste nó léite agat faoin fhadhb na bhochtanais, táim cinnte dearfach de! Ceann d’fhadhbanna casta is ea an cheist seo faoi bhochtanas atá ár gcrá le fada. Bíonn an cheist seo faoi chaibidil ó am go chéile. Is cosúil go bhfuil ag teip orainn go dtí seo teach tar aon réiteach sásúil ar an bhfadhb seo, ach, mar sin féin, ní ionann sin is a rá gur cuma le muintir na hÉireann agurs muintir an domhain faoi na bochtáin. Ní aontaim leis an teideal se oar chor ar bith. Ceapaim go bhfuil said ag déanamh a lán oibre in Éirinn agur ar fud an domhain chun saol níos fear a thabairt do na doine bochta.

In Éirinn, tá cumainn charthanacha cosúil le Goal, Gorta, Concern agus Trócaire ag obair go dian dícheallach ar son na mbochtáin sa Tríú Domhain agud tá go leor cumainn charthanacha ó thíortha elae ar fud na cruinne ag obair leo freisin. Cabhraíonn a lán scoileanna in Éirinn leis na cumainn charthanacha freisin. Tugann said bronntanais do na páistí bochta leis an bhfeachtas “Operation Christmas Child”. I gcúpla scoil eile bailíonn said airgead agus tugann said é do chumainn charthanacha difriúla. Anuas ar sin, tá a lán oibrithe deonacha ón tír seo ague tíortha eile ag obair sa Tríú Domhain leis na daoine bochta ag cabhrú leo mar shampla ag tógáil scoileanna nó tithe.

            Úsáideann daoine cailúla a gcáil chun cabhrú leis na bochtáin freisin. D’eagraigh Bob Geldof agus ceoltóirí eile an cheolchoirm “Live Aid” chun airgead a fail don Aetóip cúpla bliain ó shin. Rinne na ceolchoirmeacha “Live Aid” breis is céad milliún dollar agus mar sin ní féidir linn a rá gur Cuma le muintir an domhain faoi na bochtáin.

            Ach, chun an fhírinne a rá, ní dhéanann gach duine sa domhain go leor oibre chun cabhrú leo. Is cosúil go bhfuil na rialtais éagsúla beag bean ar an Tríú Domhain. Bronnann said beagáinín airgid ar na tíortha bochta anois is arís ach is beag eile a dhéanann said I ndáiríre. Caitheann na tíortha bochta san Afraic timpeall céad milliúin dollar chuile sheachtain ag aisíoc fiacha do na tíortha saibhre. Ni haon bréag a rá go bhfuil cuid mhór den locht ar chomhlachtaí móra ar fud an domhain, a bhíonn sásta pá íseal a thabhairt d’oibrithe bhochta a bhíonn ag obair ar a son. Rud eile de, níl daoine saibhre saor ó locht ach oiread. Tá nócha faoin gcéad de mhaoin an domhain ag deich faoin gcéad den daonra. Caithfear a admháil gur scéal náirech é sin. Tá saol an mhada bháin ag daoine saibhre ague tá an iomarca daoine gafa le hábharachas. Ní thuigeann said an nath, “Is fear sona ná saibhir”. Is Cuma le cuid mhór daoine faoi na bochtáin fiú ina dtír féin.

            Ceapann cúpla duine go bhfuil na daoine bochta sa Tríú Domhain amháin. Tá daoine bochta sa Tríú Domhain cinnte ach tá daoine bochta in Éirinn freisin. Tá an iomarca daoine gan dídean ina gconaí in Éirinn. Dar le Barnados, tá 100,000 páistí in Éirinn faoi bhochtanas leanúnach, is é sin nach bhfuil na héadaí is bunúsaí ná an bia is coir acu. Caithimid cabhrú leis na daoine bochta sa tír seo, anuas ar na daoine sa Tríú Domhain. “Baist do leanbh féin ar dtús,” a deirtear.

            Ní féidir a shéanadh ach gur deacair fadhb mór seo a réiteach agus ba cheart dúinn iarracht éigin a dhéanamh feabhas a chur ar chúrsaí ach, mar sin féin, níl sé ceart a rá gur Cuma le muintir na hÉireann agus muintir an domhain faoi na bochtáin, mar is bréag é sin, dar liom.

            Mar a luaigh mé cheanna, níl aon fhreagra simplí ar an gceist faoin bhochtanas ach caithfear a bheith dóchasach go dtiocfaidh feabhas ar an scéal. Caithfidh rialtais an domhain agus gach uile duine oibrú le chéile chun an fhadhb seo a leigheas, ach an dtarlóidh sé choice, bhuel mar a deir an seanfhocal, “Is maith an scéalaí n aimsir.”

Music notes - Gerald Barry

Piano Quartet No. 1 by Gerald Barry

This piano quartet was commissioned by the Institute of Contemporary Arts and first performed in London in 1992.

Chamber work – A quartet four 4 instruments.

Piano

Violin

Viola

Cello

 

This genre of chamber music was established in Classical and Baroque era.

Example of Twentieth century contemporary music.

Inspirations from traditional Irish melodies:

Þ    Sí Bheag Sí Mhór

Þ    Lord Mayo

Þ    ‘Tis the last Rose of Summer

Þ    Beidh Aonach Amárach

Fuses these melodies with his own individual style, extra notes added and taken away, and original melodies become almost unrecognisable.

 Boundaries of music pushed, instruments played in different styles, no tonal centre, no actual form, detailed performing directions.

Abstract music – it does not tell a story 

Instrumental line more important than instrumental colour to Barry

Quartet begins and ends with music that is heard only once

Section C is central dominant material, occurs 9 times, yet never exact repetition

Piano:

Þ    Creates contrasting textures with strings

Þ    Doubles string parts – very often

Þ    Plays one, or more, voices in canon

Þ    Introduces dissonance

Þ    Plays note cluster

Þ    Solo section – “Hommage Á horowitz”

Instruments techniques

·        Open strings

·        Hand clusters on piano

·        Harmonics – delicate wispy sound

·        Détaché – detached – separate bow for each note

·        Flautando – bow over the fingerboard

Form

• Quartet – one movement – 18 sections
• Eight different themes – (4 appear only once)

A         B1       C1       C2       B2       C3       D1       D2+D3           E1

C4       C5       E2+D3            C6       C7       F+C8              C9       G         H

• Unusual form – does not fit any standard form
• No recapitulation
• Ends with 3 new sections – F G and H – very unusual
• Unusual rondo form – because of constant recurrence of C

Tonality

• Mainly atonal
• Section A (based on Sí bheag sí mhór) is pentatonic – no 7^th notes, uses only 4^th in final bars
• B and B1 refer to key of C with a recurring C sharp
• C1 in A flat
• E2 + D3 – only section with noted key signature – b flat minor

Rhythmic Features

• Over 330 time signature changes 
• Unusual time signatures – 1/8, 5/8
• Complex rhythmic patterns
• Irregular rhythms and irregular patterns
• Polymetry – combining different metres simultaneously
• Metronome marks for tempo changes.

Compositional Features

·        Canon       -           many times, from 2 part to 5 part,

-           eg 4 part canon on inversion of “Sí bheag sí mhór”

·        Retrograde          -           melody played backwards

-           eg. Melody in E1 is retrograde of melody D2

·        Augmentation       -          notes values are lengthened, usually doubled

  -         eg. C8

·     Diminution            -           notes value are shortened

-           eg. B1 notes are halved in B3

·        Wedging             -           making intervals bigger

                                     -           eg C2 and C3

·        Splicing                -           making intervals smaller

                  -           eg C2 and C3

·        Inversion               -           melody turned upside down

                                    -           Eg, “Sí Bheag Si Mhór” in section A

·        Counterpoint        -           combining 2 themes – polyphonic

-           Eg D2 and B3

·        Telescoping         -           Fragments of previous sections in a short section

-           Eg Section G

Section A

• Based on inversion of “Sí Bheag Sí Mhór"
• Four part canon at distance of a crotchet, yet all begin at same time
• Feeling of C major
• Mainly ¾, but time signature changes

Contemporary features

• Harmonics
• Open strings
• Canon at distance of a crotchet
• Time signature changes

Non-contemporary features

• Instruments
• Use of canons
• Repetition
• Range
• Staccato
• 2 bass clefs

Section A1

• Starts to develop
• Loud dynamics
• Very high register and wide range
• Piano entirely in bass cleft
• Five part canon
• Harmonics – open strings
• Very polyphonic
• Two part piano
• Page repeated, louder 2^nd time.

Section B

• Key of C major with a persistent C sharp.
• Atonal
• Homophonic
• Rhythmic melody on violin, starts with an upbeat in ¾ time
• Drone like staccato two note pattern on viola – like hurdy gurdy
• Slower speed
• Sudden change of time signature to 5/8 – instability and imbalance
• Cello part is inversion of viola two note pattern.

• Repeated from bar 72 with cello added

• From bar 90, melody is repeated on all 3 string instruments, playing an octave apart.
• Melody repeated without accompaniment
• Piano plays hand clusters, span of 2 octaves
• Dynamics very loud

Section C1

• Strings only
• Polyphonic
• 2 melodies – violin and viola
• Feeling of A flat
• Flow of melodies interrupted by abrupt time signature changes
• Harmonics on cello

• From Bar 124:
• repeated an octave lower
• piano introduced
• Takes music from “Tis the last rose of summer”
• Louder and faster
• Piano doubles string parts

Section C2

• Based on C1 
• Atonal
• Violin and viola melodies
• Polyphonic
• Slower
• Softer dynamics
• Wedging and splicing
• No piano

Section B2

• B section melody played 5 times in canon creating polyphonic texture, varied, slightly different each time

• Bar 170:
• Three part canon at distance of crotchet
• Very loud
• Viola, violin and cello

• Bar 188 on and bar 205:
• Three part canon on strings
• Piano doubles string parts at the octave in bass clef

• Bar 222
• Three part canon in 5ths at octave on strings and piano
• Violin and viola doubles, cello and piano R.H doubled with LH piano in 5ths
• Double stopping on violin
• Soft dynamics and light articulation

• Bar 239:
• Repeat of canon from previous part
• Drone effect using adjacent open strings
• Pedal note D in cello
• Double stopping on strings
• Very loud

Section C3

·        Based on four different versions of C

·        Gets louder an faster each time

·        Polyphonic

·        Bar 256:

·        Viola and cello repeat C2 with descant melody on violin

·        Violin doubles cello part at intervals of 2^nd and 7^th – dissonance

·        Slow

·        Quieter

·        No piano

·        Bar 272:

·        Single fragmented piano line, doubles some strings parts at interval of 2nd

·        Faster and louder than previous

·        Double stopping

·        Bar 288:

·        Higher pitch – cello in treble clef

·        Both melodies doubles at dissonant intervals on piano in bass clef

·        Faster an louder

·        Bar 303:

·        Violin higher

·        Piano LH doubles RH at interval of 2^nd

Section D1

• Based on Beidh Aonach Amárach
• Shortest section
• A minor
• Shortest time sig in piece used – 1/8
• Loud
• Homophonic
• Hurdy gurdy effect in cello (similar to B1)
• Very unstable due to time signature changes
• 3/16 time signature – contemporary – not usual
• Repeated notes in melody on viola

Section D2+B3

• Both sections heard simultaneously
• D2 on violin and piano RH, B3 on viola and cello, both in unison
• B melody is in diminution (note values halved)
• Piano LH plays hurdy gurdy in thirds
• B3 becomes rhythmically distorted – adds tension
• Music repeated at bar 344 with different time signatures, some notes left out
• Polyphonic

Section E1

• 4 part canon at distance of quaver at the octave, violin, viola, cello, LH piano
• D2 played in reverse (retrograde)
• Repeat sign
• Changing time signatures - obscure
• Polyphonic
• Loud with accented notes

Section C4

• Hommage á Horowitz
• Piano solo – only instrument with solo section
• Very very loud
• Derived from C melodies
• Both hands play in octaves
• Homophonic
• Flamboyant
• Dedicated to Horowitz a Russian pianist

Section C5

• Shortened version of C3
• Slower
• 3 part canon distance of a crotchet
• Soft dynamics
• Changing time signatures
• No piano
• Canon repeated at bar 415 with some notes left out

Section E2 + D3

• Only section with a noted key signature – B flat minor
• E and D combined and up a semitone to B flat minor
• Polyphonic
• Very loud, with accented notes
• E2 is a retrograde of D and heard on violin and viola in unison
• D3 heard on cello an piano RH in unison
• Music repeated at bar 442 with violin an octave higher and piano LH octave lower

Section C6

• 3 part canon at distance of a quaver
• C6 is C5 up a semi-tone and shortened
• Instruments technique flautando used - Played on finger board giving a wispy sound
• Polyphonic
• Soft dynamics

Section C7

• Based on C material but sounds like a new section – contrasts, different speed and dynamics
• Cello based on one of original C melodies
• Canon in violin and viola based on inversion of C6
• Piano doubles string parts
• Notes added at distance of 2nds 4ths and 5ths – adds dissonance
• Polyphonic

• Bar 483:
• Faster
• Double stopping adds to intensity
• Higher pitch, accelerates then stops suddenly

Section F + C8

• One bar rest, then new material, F, on violin 
• Triplets I melody, jig rhythm, Irish dance music
• Piano part is retrograde of F melody
• C material heard in augmentation (longer notes) on viola and cello
• Polyphonic
• Different time signatures used simultaneously – polymetry

Section C9

• One bar rest then 3 part canon two octaves distance of crotchet on strings
• Shortest and slowest version of C
• Polyphonic
• Wide distance between parts, high pitch in violin, low pitch in cello

Section G

• New music but derived from rest of quartet
• Telescoping – complete work in nine bars by taking notes from beginning an end of each section
• Homophonic
• Very fast
• Very loud with accented notes
• Constantly changing time signatures

Section H

• Based on Irish tune, “Lord Mayo’s Delight”
• Polyphonic
• 2 part canon, unison, distance of crotchet on viola cello
• Flautando used again

• Bar 542:
• 3 part canon, unison, distance of crotchet, viola, cello and Piano LH, base on second part of tune

• Bar 558
• Final section return to first part of tune
• 3 part canon, unison, distance of crotchet, violin, viola, cello
• Soft dynamics
• Some notes omitted in violin part as outside range of instrument and are filled by viola
• Piano plays final note D in bass creating unfinished open effect at end.